Solution to Global Warming (Part 9)

3.7 DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME RADIATION TO OUTER SPACE

The irradiation of heat from the earth surface as a black body into outer space varies in a wide range in a relative proportion to the prevailing temperature of the earth’s surface. However, we may have a general perspective by considering what happens in Metro Manila at about 150 Latitude compared to that of the North Pole or South Pole.

Metro Manila Condition:
Atmospheric Temperature 200C(273 + 20)= 2930K
Ground Soil Temperature 300C(273 + 30)= 3030K

T14 = (293)4= 7,370,050,801
T24= (303)4 = 8,428,892,481
Total = 15,798,943,282

Radiation to Outer Space = 240 Watts = 4,960,765.56 Cal./day

Daytime = 8,428,892,481/15,798,943,282 (4,960,765.56 Cal/12 Hrs at Daytime)
= 2,646,617.48 Calories/12 Hrs at daytime
Nighttim = 7,370,050,801/15,798,943,282 (4,960,765.56 Cal)
= 2,314,148.08 Calories/nighttime
Total Daily = (4,960,765.56 Cal /day of 24 Hrs

Absorbed By Ground = 3,102,924.48 Cal
Residual in Atmosphere = 6,903,633.28 Cal
Total = 10,006,557.76 Cal

Radiation From Ground = 3,102,924.48 Cal/10,006,557.76 Cal (4,960,765.56)
= 1,538,279.63 Cal/day
Radiation From Atm. = 6,903,633.28 Cal/10,006,557.76 Cal (4,960,765.56)
= 3,422,486.23 Cal/day

TABULATED RADIATION DISTRIBUTION
Time Ground Atmosphere Total
Daytime 820,687.23 1,825,930.2 2,646,617.48
Nighttime 717,592.09 1,596,555.98 2,314,140.07
Total 1,538,239.32 3,422,486.23 4,960,765.56

Temperature in Outer Space = -16.330C = 256.670K

3.8.1 EMISSION OF HEAT FROM GLACIERS AND ACTIVE VOLCANOES

It is a bit difficult to quantify the heat imparted by glaciers, spews from active volcanoes and major volcanic eruptions into the atmosphere because its occurrence is random and irregular. However, whatever amount of heat continuously emitted from about 600 active volcanoes around the world can have significant effect upon the entire system of heat equilibrium.

Volcano eruption varies in the magnitude of materials combusted and length of time the eruption proceeds. Aside from enormous heat being produced it spews a lot of pollutants more particularly compounds of sulfur as well as carbon dioxide.

It is believed that during volcanic eruption, inert gases such as krypton which is the by-product radiation decay of potassium being cancelled for thousand of years underground goes with volcanic explosion. Other inert gases could possibly increase in the atmosphere because of volcanic eruption. Glaciers have similar effect as that of volcanic eruption although in relatively lower in impact.

For purposes of quantification, we may assume that each of the 600 active volcanoes around the world produces 5.0 M3 of steam at per second on the average.

Weight of Steam:
5,000 L/Sec 18 Gm 273 0K 3,600 Sec 24 Hr Ton
W = (--------------) (---------) (----------) (-------------) (----------) (---------------)
22.4 L/Mole Mole 403 0K Hr day 106 Gm/Ton

= 234.161290 Tons/day/ Volcano

234.161,290 Gm/day/ Volcano 1.070 Cal
Heat = (--------------------------------------) (--------------) ( 600 Volcanoes)
Volcano Gm

= 90,584,129,032.258064 Cal

90,584,129,032.258064/day
Equivalent Liters of Gasoline = ( -----------------------------------)
8,517,042 Cal/L

10,635.632539 L
= -------------------------
Day

= 0.000000010635632539 Km3/day

3.8.2 HEAT FROM FERMENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The decaying and fermenting process that organic substances undergo is oxidation process whereby certain amount of heat is emitted. Farm and agricultural waste has been estimated at a per capita of 4.5 Kg/day against the world population of approximately 6.2 billion people. These organic wastes amount to 10.2 gegatons per year on wet basis or probably 6.0 gegatons on dry weight.

It may be assumed that 4.5 gegatons is being burned by farmers as inherent in their bad practices and leaving 1.5 gegatons to undergo the process of oxidation and fermentation. Since decaying or rotting is partial reaction, our assumption that 10.0% is oxidized, the annual heat emission from farm waste could be in the amount equivalent burning 120 million tons (0.12 gegatons) of gasoline on annual basis.

A pile of garbage that undergoes fermentation could have the temperature maintained at 45 0C to 60 0C for a number of months. Resultant heat of chemical reaction is emitted into the environment. The adverse effect of fermentation is not so much of the heat that is evolved in the process of fermentation but more so of the methane that is evolved. Methane is 20 times greater than the damaging effect of carbon dioxide of the same quantity. Methane is one of the chemical compounds that serve as catalyst in depleting ozone layer.


FERMENTATION REACTION
342 128 352 64 54
C12H22O11 + 4 O2 = 8 CO2 + 4 CH4 + 3 H2O

144 14,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
C = (---------) (---------------) (--------) (----------) = 3,268,042.11 Calories
342 lb Kg BTU

22 60,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
H = (-------) (----------------) (---------) (-----------) = 2,139,789.47 Calories
342 lb Kg BTU
Total = 5,407,831.58 Cal/Kg

CO2 = 352/342 = 1.02923976 Kg/Kg Cellulose

Heat = 5,407,831.58 Cal/Kg ( 1.5 x 1012 Kg) = 8.11174737 x 1018 Cal/year.
= 2,22087539219715 x 1016Cal/day
2,22087539219715 x 1016Cal/day
Km3 Gasoline = ----------------------------------= 0.00260756656148 Km3/day
8,517042 x 1012 Cal/Km

3.8.3 HEAT OF FORMATION OF WATER

The universe has been in existence for about 11.5 billion years before another “Bang” of explosion created our solar system to include planet earth 4.5 billion years ago. It remained a red hot object for about hundreds of million years and the temperature eventually went down to the level that is fit for the existence of life, 3.2 billion years after its emergence. Initially there was not even a drop of water.

A very old question as to why only the earth is the only planet that contains some form of life has in recent decades been explained that it is the only planet where morphogenetic field for life exists.

In the presence of morphogenetic field, it is the only planet where protons and electrons emitted and received by the earth from other stars and exploding Nebula form into atoms of hydrogen. The hydrogen combined with oxygen to form the first molecule of water on earth. Today, the total amount of water in the ocean is approximated at 1,450,607,183,875 Km3 or 1.450607183875 x 1015 Km3. .This means that the water in the ocean increases in depth by 1.0 mm every 900 years since the time of the earth creation. It also means that the water in the ocean increases by 9.978178278856 M3 per Second. It also means that 87,984,885,782,112,232 or 87.98 x 1015 atoms of hydrogen are formed every mm2 of the earth’s surface per second.

Surface area of earth=400,167,499.2481663018 Km2
Land area = 400,167,499.2481663018 Km2 (29.18%)
= 116,768,876.2806149268 KM2
Water area = 400,167,499.2481663018 Km2 (70.82%)
= 283,398,622.9675513749 KM2

WaterVolume=283,398,622.9675513749Km2(3.70Km)1,416,993,114.8377568747 Km3

283,398,622.9675513749 Km2 (0.000001 Km/mm)
Water Formation = -------------------------------------------------------------
(900 yrs) (365.25/Days/Yr.)

283.3986229675513749 x 109M3
= -----------------------------------------------
(900) (365.23)

= 862,114.6032931824 M3 /Day

1,416,993,114.8377568747 KM3 (1 x 109M3/KM3)
Water Formation = ---------------------------------------------------------------
(4.5 x 109 Yrs) (365.25Days/yr) (24hr/Day) (3,600 Sec/hr)
= 9.978178278856 M3/Sec.
= 862,224.603293182371M3/day

Following this quantitative analysis, it means that 862,224.603293182371M3 of water is formed on the surface of the earth every day. This also means that one cubic kilometer of water is being formed and added into the ocean every 3 years, 2 months, 3 days, 2 hours, 52 minutes and 57.5 seconds

Heat of Formation of Water:
H2 + ½ O2 = H20

2 60,000 BTU 2.2 LB 252 Cal
H2 = ------ (----------------) (---------) (------------) = 33,264,000 Cal/Kg
18 lb Kg BTU

Heat = 862,224.603293182371M3/day (33,264,000) (1,000)
= 28.68 x 1012 Cal/day
= 0.0000033673662 Km3/day

28.68 x 1015 Cal/day
= ---------------------------- = 3.287852 x 109 Liters
8,723,337 Calories/Liter

= 3.287,852 M3 of Gasoline/day
= 0.003287852 KM3 of Gasoline/day
= 1.2 KM3 of Gasoline burned per yeat

Considering the total surface area of the earth at 4.0016749925 x 108 KM2, the amount of heat generated per square kilometer due to water formation is:

28.68 x 1015 Cal/day
Heat = ------------------------------ = 5.76114361 x 107 Calories/KM2
4.0016749925 x 108 KM2
= 57.611436 Cal/M2/day.

3.8.4 HUMAN AND ANIMAL BODIES
3.8.4.1 HUMAN BODY HEAT EMISSION
Given Data:
Approximate Area of Human Skin = 1.2 M2
Skin Area of Children = 0,4 M2
Mean Area of Human Skin = 0.8 M2
Body Temperature = 370C = 3100K
Skin Temperature = 300C = 3030K
Average Temperature of Environment = 200C = 2930K
Area = 1.0M2/Person
World Population = 6,200,000,000

Steffan Boltzmann Law Of Radiation = å T4 – to4

T4 = (310)4 = 9,235,210,000
t0 = (303)4 = 8,428,892,481
dt = 806,317,519
å = 5.67032 x 10-8 W/m2K4.( 806,317,519 ) (1.2 M2)

Radiation = 5.67032 x 10-8 W/m2K4.( 806,317,519 ) (1.2 M2) Watts
= 54.864940252 Watts/M2//4.18 Joules/Cal.
= 13.12558379235Cal/M2/Sec (3,600 Sec/hr) 24 hr/day
= 1,134,050.44 Cal/Person/day (6,200.000.000)
= 7.031112725887324. x 1015 Cal/day (365)

= 7.031112725887324. x 1015 Cal/day
Equivalent Liters of Gasoline = -------------------------------------------
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter

= 825,534,584.176915413 Liter/day


3.8.4.2 EXHALED AIR IN HUMAN BREATHING

Normally an adult human being makes 16 breathing cycles every minute or 23,040 breathing cycles per day. Each breathing cycle consists of 62.5 ml for the average air intake of one liter per minute. For one whole day an individual inhales about 1,440 liters.

Considering the prevailing temperature of the atmosphere at 250C and the body temperature at 370C, we may have a rough estimate that air comes in at 250C and exhaled at the temperature of 310C for an increase of 6.00C.
1,440 Lit. 28.86 Gm.
Heat Energy evolved = (-----------------) (-------------) (6.00C) (0.25 Cal/Gm)
22.4 Lit/Mole Mole
= 2,783 Cal/Person/day

On the average, children consist of 60 % of the entire population thus when considering the whole population as if everybody is adult, the 6,2 billion will be reduced to 4.3 billion adult persons.
Heat = 2,783 (4,300,000,00) = 11.9669 x 10 12 Calories

11.9669 x 10 12 Calories
Liters of gasoline Heat Equivalent = ----------------------------
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter

= 1,405,053.4 Liters/day
= 1,405.0534 M3/day

3.8.4.3 HEAT LOSS IN SWEATS, URINE AND EXCRETA

Drinking an average of six glasses of water everyday for both adult and kids is equivalent to the daily intake of one and a half liters of water that eventually is transformed into sweats and urines. Food intake on the average of 500 grams a day on dry basis allocates as much as 150 grams that is fully oxidized for energy generation and leaves aside 350 grams as daily human excreta.

HEAT ADDED TO THE ATMOSPHERE
Urine & sweats: 1,500 Gm (37 0C – 25 0C) (1.0) = 18,000 Calories
Human excreta 350 Gm (37 0C – 25 0C) (0.5 ) = 2,100 Calories
Total = 20,100 Calories

Summary:
1. Heat emitted from human body = 2,783.00 Cal/person/day
2. Heat in Exhaled air in breathing = 1,241,012.22 Cal/person/day
3. Heat from sweats, urine & excreta = 20.100.00 Cal/person/day
Total = 1,263,895.22 Cal/person/day
Total Globally = 1,263,895.22 Cal/person/day (6,200.000.000)
= 7.836150364 x 1015 Calories/day

Assuming that human beings consists of 5.0% of all the animals and other zoological organisms to include mammals, apes, reptiles, amphibians, arachnids, beetles fowls, birds and insects all over the world, heat energy that is emitted would amount to 1.56723 x 1017 Calories.
1.56723 x 1017 Calories
Equivalent Heat of Gasoline = ---------------------------- = 1.8401106863 x 1010 Liters
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter
= 1.8401106863 x 1010 Liters/day
= 1.8401106863 x 107 M3/day
= 6.7210042817 x 1010M3/year
= 67.210042817 Km3/year

3.8.5 EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

When Methane “CH4” is absorbed and reacted with calcium oxide “CaO”, calcium carbonate “CaCO3” and water is produced. Since we can not avail of the data on the heat of reaction, we will limit our figures on the heat of formation of water.

16 56 64 100 36
CH4 + CaO + 2 O2 = CaCO3 + 2 H2O

H2O = 36/16 = 2.25
CaO = 100/16 = 3.50
2 O2 = 64.16 = 4.00

For every kilogram of methane that is absorbed and reacted with 3.50 Kg of CaO and 4.00 Kg of oxygen, 2.25 Kg of water is produced.

4 32 36
4H + O2 = H2O

4 60,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal.
Heat = (------) (------------------) (-----------) (------------) (2.25 Kg)
36 lb Kg BTU
= 8,316,000 Cal./ Kg of CH4

Assuming that one part per thousand of methane undergoes chemical reaction with Calcium Oxide every year, and since that the estimated amount of methane in the atmosphere is 43.884 gegatons, the reacted amount would be 120,147.84 Tons per day.

Heat = 120,147,840 Kg (8,316,000 Cal./ Kg of CH4 )
= 9.99149470 x 1014 Calories

9.99149470 x 1014 Calories
Equivalent Heat of Gasoline = --------------------------
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter

= 117,311,793.23 Liters/day
= 117,311.79323 M3/day
= 428,481.32 M3/year

117,311,793.23 Liters/day
Km3 Gasoline Equivalent = ------------------------------- = 0.000117312 Km3/day
8,517,042 x 1012
3.8.6 HEAT FROM LIGHTNING AND THUNDERSTORM

It is difficult to determine how much heat evolves from lightning and thunderstorm in the global magnitude due to the fact that their occurrence is seasonal, climatic site specific, randomized and unpredictable. Within 500 square kilometer of the earth’s surface, no less than 100 thunderbolts occur every rainy season of the year. Considering that only 80% of the earth’s surface is prone to lightning and thunderstorm, it is estimated that all over the world there are 2 thunderbolts that occur every second for a total of 172,800 thunderbolts per day.

Lightning
Lightning is a big electric spark. A bolt of lightning makes the air around it very hot. Lightning is often followed by a loud noise known as thunder.
Keith Kent/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006
Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
On the average, a thunderbolt has a cross-sectional diameter of 80 Cm and effective length of 6,000 meters. It is produced by 10,000 volts at the current supply of 4,500 amperes and results to a temperature of about 10,0000C. A flash of lightning happens within 0.25 second. The electric charge produces plasma within the core of the thunder that becomes almost a total vacuum and as the atmosphere gets back a very loud sound of explosion is heard.

The total heat energy in a thunderbolt can be computed by way of determining the energy spent in creating a vacuum in the atmosphere together with the temperature of residual gases within the partial vacuum that is created.

Cross-sectional area = (80 Cm/2)2(Pi) /(2.54)2
= 779.1165 in2
Length = 6,000 M (3.28 ft/M)
= 19,680 ft
Average Pressure = 0.7 Atm (14.7 psi)
= 10.29 psi


Work = 779.1165 in2 (10.29 psi) (19,680 ft)/778 ft-lb/BTU (252 Cal./BTU
= 51,105,049.64 Calories

No. of Times Expansion = 10,000/273 = 36.63 times
Average air density at 3,000 M Altitude = 880 Gm/M3

880 Gm/M3
Air Density at 10,000 0C = ------------ = 24.022402 Gm/M3
36.63

Volume of Air = (0.8M/2)2 (Pi) (6,000 M) = 3,015.93 M3
Residual Air = 3,015.93 M3 ( 24.022402 Gm/M3)
= 72,449.85 Gm

Heat Absorbed at 10,0000C = 72,449.85 Gm (10,000) (0.25Cal/Gm)
= 181,124,643.97 Calories

Heat Absorbed: = 181,124,643.97 Calories
Heat in Expansion: = 51,105,049.64 Calories
Total per Thunderbolt = 232,229,693.61 Calories

Total/day = 172,800 thunderbolts per day (232,229,693.61 Calories)
= 4.0129291118016 x 1013 Calories

4.0129291118016 x 1013 Calories
Equivalent = ----------------------------------------
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter of Gasoline

= 4,711,646.498633 Liters/day
= 0.000004711646 Km3 of Gasoline
= 4,711.646498633M3/day
= 1,720,928.88 M3/year