Solution to Global Warming (Part 14)

F = 0.000411226601 x 10-27 lb (454.545454 Gm/lb)
= 0.18692077565 x 10-27 Gm

(20,885,500.04 ft)2
Weight of Proton at 50 KM = -----------------------(1.67264 x 10-27 Gm)
(21,049,500.04)2

= 1.64667792 x 10-27

CENTRIPETAL FORCE OF PROTON = 0.18692077565 x 10-27Gm
WEIGHT OF PROTON AT SEA LEVEL = 1.67264 x 10-27 Gm
WEIGHT OF PROTON AT 50 KM ALT. = 1.64667792 x 10-27 Gm


REMAINIG WEIGHT OF PROTON:
RWP = 1.64667792 x 10-27 Gm - 0.18692077565 x 10-27Gm
= 1.497571443 x 10-27 Gm


4.2.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON OXYGEN ATOM

16.00 Gram
Weight of Oxygen Atom = ---------------- = 9.987515 x 10-23Gm
1.602 x 1023
9.987515 x 10-23Gm
m = ---------------------- = 0.02197253 x 10-23 lb
454.545454 Gm/lb

v2 = (1,533.73 ft/sec)2 = 2,352,327.71 ft2/Sec2.
r = 21,049,500 ft

m v2 0.02197253 x10-23 b 2,352,327.71 ft2/Sec2.
F = -------- = ----------------------------------- = 0.00248059162 x 10-23 lb
r 21,049,500 ft

F = 0.00248059162 x 10-23 lb (454.545454 Gm/lb) = 1.12754164 x 10-23 Gm

Weight of Oxygen Atom at 50 KM Altitude:
(20,885,500.04 ft)2
W = (-----------------------)= 9.987515 x 10-23Gm) = 9.83249263 x 10-23 Gm
(21,049,500.04)2

Weight of Oxygen Atom at Sea Level = 9.987515 x 10-23Gm

WEIGHT OF OXYGEN AT 50 KM = 9.83249263 x 10-23 Gm
CENTRIPETAL FORCE OF OXYGEN = 1.12754164 x 10-23 Gm
WEIGHT OF OXYGEN AT SEA LEVEL = 9.987515 x 10-23 Gm

REMAINING WEIGHT OF OXYGEN ATOM:
= 9.83249263 x 10-23 Gm - 1.12754164 x 10-23 Gm
= 8.19495099 x 10-23Gm


4.2.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OZONE

48.00 Gram
Weight of Ozone Molecule = ---------------- = 29.966265 x 10-23Gm
1.602 x 1023

29.966265 x 10-23Gm
m = ---------------------- = 0.06592578 x 10-23 lb
454.545454 Gm/lb

v2 = (1,533.73 ft/sec)2 = 2,352,327.71 ft2/Sec2.


r = 21,049,500 ft

m v2 0.06592578 x 10-23 lb x 2,352,327.71 ft2/Sec2.
F = -------- = -------------------------------------------- = 0.0079933739 x 10-23 lb
r 21,049,500 ft

= 0.0079933739x 10-23 lb x 454.545454 Gm/lb
= 3.63351763 x 10-23 Gm

Weight of Ozone Molecule at 50 KM Altitude

(20,885,500.04 ft)2
W = (-----------------------) 29.966265 x 10-23Gm) = 29.41644995 x 10-23 Gm
(21,049,500.04)2

Weight of Ozone Atom at Sea Level 29.966265 x 10-23Gm
CENTRIPETAL FORCE OF OZONE = 3.63351763 x 10-23 Gm
WEIGHT OF OZONE AT SEA LEVEL = 29.966265 x 10-23Gm
WEIGHT OF OZONE AT 50 KM = 29.41644995 x 10-23 Gm

REMAINING WEIGHT OF OZONE:
W = 29.41644995 x 10-23 Gm - 3.63351763 x 10-23 Gm
= 25.78293232 10-23 Gm
The above computation shows that putting ozone at the altitude of 50 kilometers did not transform ozone into something weightless but rather reduced its weight by only 14.06%. In the case of Oxygen ion, it has reduced its weight by 12.84% while proton particle reduced its weight by 12.26%.


4.3 OZONE AND EARTH’S ELECTRO-MANGETISM

It has been quantitatively illustrated that the altitude of 50 kilometers for ozone together with the centripetal force of its revolution around the core of the earth simply reduced its weight by 14.06% and not enough to justify it’s supposedly high density at the altitude 40 kilometers to 50 kilometers. It is proposed that the density of ozone must relatively be high at the space identified as ozone layer because of its highest temperature in upper atmospheric layers which is registered at 20 0C. What could be the probable cause for the ozone layer to be at such highest temperature and supposedly much higher density?

The above dilemma invites our attention to investigate the influence of Earth’s Electromagnetism as responsible in putting a denser atmospheric gases more particularly oxygen and ozone at the space we called ozone layer.


Paramagnetism
Liquid oxygen becomes trapped in an electromagnet’s magnetic field because oxygen (O2) is paramagnetic. Oxygen has two unpaired electrons whose magnetic moments align with external magnetic field lines. When this occurs, the O2 molecules themselves behave like tiny magnets, and become trapped between the poles of the electromagnet.
Yoav Levy/Phototake NYC




Magnetic Fields and Currents
Hans Christian Oersted predicted in 1813 that a connection would be found between electricity and magnetism. In 1819 he placed a compass near a current-carrying wire and observed that the compass needle was deflected. This discovery demonstrated that electric currents produce magnetic fields. As shown here, the magnetic field lines circle around the current-carrying wire.
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The above illustrations showed the possibility that the ozone layer is influenced by the Earth’s Magnetic Field and that oxygen is trapped within such magnetic field because oxygen is paramagnetic. Therefore, what holds the oxygen and ozone at the ozone layer located at 40 Km to 50 Km in altitude is the magnetic field of the earth. Ozone layer therefore appears hanging without suspension and does not exert its weight upon the ground layer of atmosphere because it is anchored at the earth’s magnetic field.

While we do not have available data how much oxygen is trapped within the ozone layer and so with the manner of distribution within such confine of ozone layer, we are now positive that the ozone layer is denser and higher in temperature than those above as well as those below this layer. A certain report from 1961 Archives claimed that ozone constitutes about 2 ppm of the atmosphere but the ozone layer consists of 12 ppm ozone. Most of the oxygen that are found in the ozone layer must be in ionic form by virtue of the fact that they are attracted by Earth’s Electro-magnetism.

This trapping of oxygen in the Earth’s Magnetic Field will obviously result to a significant anomaly on corresponding atmospheric pressure stratification due to the fact that the trapped atmospheric gases have their weights being carried or deflected upward by the Earth’s Electromagnetic Field. It appears that this dense layer of atmospheric gases does not exert its weight upon the adjacent layer immediately below it.

In fact the Ozone Layer serves as a protective diaphragm of the earth against enormous amount of quantum particles by way of deflecting a big portion of these much smaller particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons being emitted by exploding stars in many parts of the universe.

We can now imagine that from the Ozone Layer, all atmospheric gases above it are rather floating and somewhat detached from earth gravitation that posture itself similar to the rings of Saturn. This theory known as Atmospheric Gravitational Stratification Theory is being advanced by this author for other scientists to investigate.

Saturn's Rings
Saturn’s rings are extremely wide, but very flat, bands created by orbiting fragments of rock, gas, and ice. Close examination reveals that there are more than 100,000 separate ringlets. Voyager 2 captured this enhanced view as it flew by the planet in 1981.



Robert Harding Picture Library
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

EARTH’ MAGNETIC POLE

Earth’s Magnetic Field© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved
Magnetic Pole, either of two locations on the surface of the earth where the direction of the earth’s magnetic field is vertical. The earth’s magnetic field is an area surrounding the earth in which objects experience an electromagnetic force. The direction of the force is the same as the direction of the magnetic field (see Magnetism: The Magnetic Field). At the north magnetic pole, the magnetic force of the earth’s magnetic field is downward, into the ground, and at the south magnetic pole, the magnetic force is upward, out of the ground. At most other locations on the surface of the earth, the earth’s magnetic field has a horizontal component and points toward the ground or away from it at the earth’s magnetic field produces strips of alternating magnetization in the ocean floor on either side of the mid-oceanic ridge Contributed By: Frank Christopher Hawthorne

Vacuum 1.0000
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.309
Water 1.33
Ethyl alcohol 1.36
Glass (fused quartz) 1.46
Glass (crown) 1.52
Sodium chloride (salt) 1.54
Zircon 1.92
Diamond 2.42
* For light with a wavelength of 590 nm (590 x 10-9 m)
The radiant spectra from the Sun as well as those that are from the distant stars travel at the constant speed of 300 million meters per second. When you wake up in the morning and watch the rising sun the sun is not located in the direction where you find it because what you see is the position of the sun 8.67 minutes ago. This is due to fact that it takes 8.67 minutes for the light to travel the distance of 149.5 million kilometers before it reaches your eyes. The same thing goes with the stars you see at night. What you see are apparent positions of the stars resultant to radiant emission some twenty to several hundreds years ago.

All radiant particles called photons differ from each other by their respective wave lengths and corresponding frequencies. The velocity of light in meters per second divided by the wave length expressed in meter is equal to the frequency which is the number of oscillations per second that is otherwise known as Hertz.

The wave lengths range from as long as 100,000 kilometers in the region of radio waves to as small as 1.0 x 10-13 millimeter in the region of gamma rays. The energy or momentum of a particle of photon is equal to its frequency multiplied a Plank’s constant “6.626 x 10-34 Joule-Second. The higher is the frequency, the greater is the energy being carried by that given particle photon.

From the above equation we can compute how many photons from the sun hit the earth’s atmosphere per Cm2/second.:

Solar Radiation:
PERCENT POWER FREQUENCY W-LENGTH
Infrared 60.0% 0.076020 1012 6.626 x 10-22 114,700 x 1015
Visible Light 31 % 0.039308 1015 6,626 x 10-19 59.32 x 1015
Ultra Violet 9 % 0.011402 1018 6,626 x 10-16 0.7556 x 1015
Total 0.1267 W/sec.



Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x rays, and gamma rays. Visible light, which makes up only a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum, is the only electromagnetic radiation that humans can perceive with their eyes.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

4.4 PROPERTIES OF RADIANT SPECTRUM

SOLAR SPECRUM WAVE LENGTH FREQUENCY
in nm Hertz
Violet 390 – 455 7.69 x 1014 – 6.59 x 1014
Blue 455 – 492 6.59 x 1014 – 6.09 x 1014
Green 492 – 577 6.09 x 1014 – 5.20 x 1014
Yellow 577 – 597 5.20 x 1014 – 5.02 x 1014
Orange 597 – 622 5.02 x 1014 – 4.82 x 1014
Red 622 – 720 4.82 x 1014 – 4.17 x 1014

Separation of White Light into Colored Light
Light from many sources, such as the Sun, appears white. When white light passes through a prism, however, it separates into a spectrum of different colors. The prism separates the light by refracting, or bending, light of different colors at different angles. Red light bends the least and violet light bends the most.


Indexes of Refraction
The refractive index of a substance measures how the substance affects light traveling through it. It is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in that substance. When light travels between two materials with different refractive indexes, it bends at the boundary between them.











When the electron and positron collide with each other, they annihilate each other into nothing. Nothing in the view of atomic structure but since matter can not be created nor be destroyed they are not destroyed or lost in the strict sense. They must have probably been transformed into Zero Point Energy.

When a photon undergoes collision, it breaks up into an electron, a negatively charged particle and a positron, a positively charged particle.

When a photon enters into an atom, it is being absorbed by a given atom and results to having one of its electron jumps into a higher energy Level. Jumping into higher energy level means that such electron moves one step away from the center or nucleus of such atom. Relocated further away from the nucleus needs more energy to move such electron much faster around the nucleus rendering the atom a

stored energy. As the atom tends to cool down it emits photon with the accompanying transfer of electron back to the inner shell. The electrons move around the nucleus at the velocity of about 2 kilometers per second making as many as 1 x 1012 revolutions per second.


Light Absorption and Emission
When a photon, or packet of light energy, is absorbed by an atom, the atom gains the energy of the photon, and one of the atom’s electrons may jump to a higher energy level. The atom is then said to be excited. When an electron of an excited atom falls to a lower energy level, the atom may emit the electron’s excess energy in the form of a photon. The energy levels, or orbitals, of the atoms shown here have been greatly simplified to illustrate these absorption and emission processes. For a more accurate depiction of electron orbitals, see the Atom article.
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Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The above computation was arrived at using the formula of the General Gas Law where:

PV = nRT, Where:

P = Unit in Atmosphere
V = Volume in Liters
T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin “0K”
R = Gas Constant (0.082051282)

About 27.65% of atmospheric substances therefore exist over and beyond the altitude of ten kilometers while 72.35% are found below the altitude of ten kilometers. Water molecules in the form of water vapor do not practically exist beyond the altitude of 4,300 meters because at this altitude, the prevailing temperature is zero degrees Celsius, which is the Freezing point of water.
Divisions of the Atmosphere
A relatively thin envelope, the atmosphere consists of four layers of gases. Companies that isolate air gases use air from the troposphere, the densest of these four layers.

4.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OZONE LAYER
• OZONE IS 2 PPM OF TOTAL ATM. = 0.00207 GM/CM2
• OZONE IS 12 PPM AT 30 KM LATITUDE* = 0.01242 GM/CM2
= 12.42 CM3/M3
• SURFACE AREA OF THE EARTH = 4.0016749925x108 KM2

The total amount of Ozone in the atmosphere is approximately 8.283467234475 Gegatons that is equivalent to the weight of 8.28 cubic kilometers of water. Ozone is almost negligible in concentration at sea level but its density at 30 KM altitude has been measured at 12 ppm which is six times its average global distribution. The presence of ozone in the atmosphere is getting significant from the altitude of 19 kilometers which continuously increase up to the height of about 40 kilometers and from there it gradually diminishes until it reaches 50 KM. Beyond 50 KM the atmosphere contains practically insignificant amount.

At high concentration Ozone is highly reactive and poisonous but without Ozone that blocks the Ultra-violet Radiation and other radiant energy spectra from outer space life might have been impossible on earth. Ozone and oxygen have distinctive similarity as they are both composed of nothing else but atoms of oxygen. The underlying difference between the two simply that oxygen molecule is diatomic or composed of two atoms of oxygen while ozone is tri-atomic or composed of three atoms of oxygen. When three molecules of oxygen dissociate and subsequently recombined, two molecules of ozone are formed.

If we try to investigate how Ozone Molecules are formed from molecules of oxygen, we would be surprised to discover that Ultraviolet Radiation that is responsible in forming ozone is the same radiant energy that destroys it. The whole cycle starts with the entry of Ultraviolet particle into one of the atoms in the molecule of oxygen. Such entry adds the internal energy of such atom which results to the transfer of one of the electrons into the outer shell or orbit within the same atom.

This imbalance of internal energy that is created enhances the pair of oxygen atoms to dissociate from each other to become two negatively charged individual atoms known as oxygen ions. Since that ion of oxygen becomes highly reactive, they are endowed with the tendency to combine one upon the other and a tri-atomic molecule of ozone eventually forms. The entry or absorption of another particle of Ultraviolet into ozone disintegrates the ozone into molecules of oxygen to complete the cycle.

It appears that 2.07936940 Gm/Cm2 within the volume of 2.0 M3 of space could not be heated from minus (-) 280C to plus (+) 200C with solar radiation even for 12 hours of exposure especially at the atmospheric pressure of 0.00173443 Atm. to 0.00043970 Atm.

It is therefore evident that the ozone layer is occupied by a dense layer of a mixture of ozone gas and oxygen in ionic form. Another new theory advanced by this author is that at 50 kilometer altitude, there is a mantle of atmospheric gases that does not exert its pressure upon the surface of the earth because while these particles of matter have mass it has reached the altitude of weightlessness at least for their sizes.

The new theory holds that there is a mantle of ionized oxygen probably about a kilometer thick at the altitude of 50 kilometers and another mantle of ionized nitrogen that is probably about a kilometer thick at the altitude of 120 kilometers. Along with this theory, it is proposed that the ionic form of oxygen is suspended in the atmosphere at the density of 20 Gram/Cm2 while the ionic form of nitrogen is suspended in the atmosphere at the density of 17.5 Gm/Cm2. It is suggested further that this oxygen mantle is made up of ionic instead of a diatomic molecules to allow the solar radiation to transform them into ozone.