About the Author

CURRICULUM VITAE


1. PERSONAL DATA:

NAME: JUAN S. SUMBILLO “JOHNNY”
CITY ADDRESS: No.25 Executive Road, Batasan Hills,
Quezon City
PROVINCIAL ADDRESS: Cabilauan, New Lucena, Iloilo
OFFICE ADDRESS: No. 21 T,F. Valencia, Executive Village Diliman, Quezon City JOHNNY S.SUMBILLO
PLACE OF BIRTH: Cailauan, New Lucena, Iloilo AUTHOR - INVENTOR
DATE OF BIRTH: June 37, 1937 PHYSICIST - THEORIST
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino CP# 09997655315
CIVIL STATUS: Single

II. PROFESSION:
Consultant, Researcher, Inventor, Author

III. NOTABLE INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS:

1.0 Formulated the “THEORY OF UNIFIED FIELD CONTINUUM” which essentially is the discovery of the GRAND UNIFICATION THEORY which Albert Einstein failed to realize during the 33 remaining years of his life in searching the theory that will integrate the Electromagnetism & Gravitation that was supposed to complete his Unified Theory of Relativity.

2.0 Formulated “THE GREEN IMAGERY PROJECT” which includes the discovery on how to plant a tree that is devoid of branches at early stage and makes Timber Tree Farming economically viable. It maintains that unless and until such time that Timber Tree Planting becomes economically viable due to advance technology, no efforts to avert Global Warming is possible.

3.0 Formulated several quantified facts for solutions to avert Global Warming as contained in his book entitled “FACTS & FIGURES IN GLOBAL WARMING”

IV. FIELD OF STUDY, COMPETENCE AND EXPERTISE
• Cosmological, Meteorological, Ecological & Environmental Sciences
• Quantum Physics, Zero Pint Energy Field, Morphogenetic Field & Self Organization
• Energy Engineering, Chemical Engineering & Human Engineering
• Biophysical Sciences, Waste Water Treatment and Pollution Control Engineering
• Waste Water Treatment & Solid Wastes Engineering Studies
• Kinematics, Hydraulics, Aerodynamics, Thermodynamics & Combustion Eng’g
• Geodesy, Geology, Hydrology, Hydrographic Mapping & Photogrammetry
• Plant Physiology, Cytology, Metabolic Processes & Soil Physics
• Stoichiometry, Physical Chemistry, Microbiology & Physiological Neurology
• Nuclear Physics, Radiation Engineering, Radioactive Decays, Atomic Fission & Fusion
• Space-Time Continuum, Matter-Energy Continuum, Gravitation & Electromagnetism
• Natural Philosophy, Science of Creation & Divinity
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V. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
• Consistent Honor Student at Cabilauan Elementary School 1946 -1952
• Graduated Valedictorian with Average of 94.6% at St Ignatius Academy 1960
• Recipient: Student Leader of the Year SIA, 1960
• Gold Medal Award: Academic General Excellence SIA 1960
• ]Scout Master at SIA in 1959- 1960
• Class President at SIA 1958- 1960
• Top Competitive Exam in Religion for the whole of Malate in 1960
• Third Honors at Iloilo High School “First & Second Year” 1957-1959
• Recipient of Full Scholarship at the Manuel L. Quezon University, 1961 to 1962
• Partial Scholarship: MLQ University , 1962 to 1963
• Elected President: MLQ University Freshmen Student Council 1960-1961
• Ranked 23rd Place Nationwide Competitive Exam participated by 650 High School Valedictorian & Salutatorians at Isaac Santos Scholarship in 1961
• Rank 3rd Placer at Iloilo Trade School Entrance Examination in1957
• Undergraduate in B.S. Chemical Engineering with deficiency of one unit in ROTC and 5 units in Unit Operations II at the MLQU.
• Studied extensively Natural Science, Philosophy, Metaphysics, Mysticism and Theology outside of School.
• Attended several hundred Seminars, Symposia, Workshops, Forums and Scientific Meetings covering a wide spectrum of Intellectual Pursuits.

VI. ACHIEVEMENTS AS AUTHOR

• “THE THEORY OF UNIFIED FIELD CONTINUUM”
A 320 page Dissertation which maintains that Gravitation is not attraction nor is it a “PULL’ but rather a “PUSH” that is resultant to the effect of particle spin that produces “Wormholes” through “Exotic Matter” or “Zero Point Energy Field” which creates a state of energy imbalance to establish Gravitational Field. This theory fills up the Einstein’s shortcoming of failing to integrate Electromagnetism and Gravitation into the Unified Filed Theory of Relativity.

• “THE GREEN IMAGERY PROJECT”
An 88-Page Scientific Paper that is highlighted by the method of planting timber tree species that are devoid of branches to produce straight and much longer trunks which paved the way of making Tree Farming economically viable. The study recommends modular development scheme with funds coming from investors in the form Share Holding and managed by family settlers on equitable sharing. Global Warming can never be solved until such time that the technology in tree planting becomes economically viable.

• SOLUTION FROM WITHIN FOR NATION BUILDING
A 320-Page Scientific Paper which prescribed that in the absence of Scientific & Technological inputs into its productive systems, the Philippine will never be able to get out of the quagmire of economic misery and poverty. It recommends that the leadership must change the mindset of the citizenry towards scientific culture by strengthening its Research Budget and Research Infra-structure to attain the initial objective.



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• THE PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC SYPHON
A 38 Page Scientific Paper which maintains that a 2,000 meter Vertical Tunnel at 100 meter in diameter when primed with cold air will increase the density inside the tunnel to exert greater pressure that is enough to create a continuous flow of cold air at 14 0C to be delivered in Metro Manila at the rate of 15,000 M3 per second or 54 million cubic meters per hour. It will be the tallest man made structure and the largest Air Conditioning Unit that would attract tourist worldwide.

• ORGANIC FERTILIZER FROM SOLID WASTE
A 120 Page Scientific Paper that contains the technology on how the inoculating medium of bacteria can convert Solid Waste into Organic Fertilizer in 15 days. Aware that the emitted Methane is 21 times that of Carbon Dioxide in enhancing Global Warming, about 150 M3 emitted in the production of 40 tons of Organic fertilizer is being burned to dry the material inputs to speed up penetration of bacteria and make digestion much faster.

• PROPAGATION & CULTURE OF “LAPULAPU” GROUPER
A 60-Page Scientific Paper on the study of Plectrophomus Leopardus or the “Senorita” variety among the 27 types of Grouper or Lapulapu. The study was conducted in Coron, Busuanga Island in 1981 to 1983. This Author also discover that the weight of “Senorita” in grams is equal to the cube of its length multiplied by a constant 0.0125.

• PROPAGATION & CULTURE OF LOCUST
A 36-Page Scientific Paper on the nature and life cycle of Locust as well as its utilization as cocktail delicacy, food ingredients and animal feed ingredient and major source of protein and calcium. The culture and propagation has been found to be highly viable economically considering that only wire cages constitute the bulk of initial investment and growing and harvesting grass is the source of feeds.
.
VII. LEADING ITEMS AMONG INVENTIONS
• SUMBILAD GRAIN DRYER
A Grain Drier designed for rural areas and therefore without any moving part and operates without electricity. It is mounted on wheels that can be easily pulled to the site where the material for drying is located. While it is fed with rice husk and powdered charcoal it operates with minimal fuel inputs by virtue of allowing the air to travel 20 meters at the retention period of 20 seconds to be able to sequester all the moisture it can hold before getting out of the system. It is designed to dry 120 sacks or 6 Tons per day..
• LINEAR PARABOLOID SOLAR POWER GENERATOR
A Solar Energy Utilization that consists of series solar reflectors arranged to have common focal points forming a line that heats up the GLYCERINE filled pipeline. Iso-butane is contained in a secondary pipeline network is used as the working fluid that turns the turbine to generate electricity.
• INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
The system consists of the production of air bubbles at the diameter of 6.0 microns being fed into a series of vertical tanks which flow is downward in each of the aeration tank and upward through every transfer pipeline in order to achieve a system wherein the very fine bubbles move downward with the current of liquid and that upon reaching the bottom the bubbles grow much larger to go up and exit at the surface. The system includes the attachment of a filter system provided with a mechanism that allows backwashing.





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• HEAT EXCHANGER EQUIPPED COMBUSTOR
The technology component of this invention consists of optimum preheating of feed air using a special design of heat exchanger on exhaust gases to realize savings equivalent to 12.0% that would otherwise be thrown into the atmosphere in the absence heat exchange system.
• MIGRAINE TERMINATOR
This invention relates to the process of extraction and storage of the extracts of peelings of oranges in inhalers which may conveniently be used to instantly relieve patients from severe migraine by inhalation. The helium compound component of the gaseous substance is known to have the ability to dilate the blood passage into the brain so that not only that migraine will be relieved but also enhance the mental condition of the patient to be more alert and think much more clearly.
• STREAMLINED COMPRESSION BLOWER
This invention relates to the process of a series of multistage compression of any gaseous substance including air for purposes of saving energy in attaining the desired and ultimate pressure required. Every stage of compression is provided with temporary depository chamber
which content is recompressed for the next stage as a means to save energy.
• SELF-EXTINGUISHING MEDIUM AS PREVENTIVE MEASURE IN FIRE ACCIDENT
This invention relates to the preparation of paper boards out of refused paper materials such as the old newspapers which are subsequently treated with fire retardant chemical. The chemically treated boards are intended to be placed above or on top of the ceiling board so that in case of fire accident the board will disintegrate with accompanying emission of fumes which can effectively put out the fire.

VII. WORK EXPERIENCES AS CONSULTANT
1. CPE CONSULTING SERVICES: Water Systems Projects
• Alfonso-lista Water Systems Project, Kalinga, Engineering Design
2006-2007 Project Cost: P18,000,000 Service Cost: P1,100,000:
• San Pablo Water Systens Project, Isabela, Engineering Design
2006 – 2007 Project Cost P22,000,000 Service Cost: P900,000
• Enrile Water Systems Project, Cagayan Construction Supervision
2005 – 2007 Project Cost P31,000,000 Service Cost P950,000
• Iguig Water Systems Project, Cagayan Construction Supervision
2005 – 2007 Project Cost P21,000,000 Service Cost P980,000
• Ilagan Water Supply System, Isabela Eng’g Design & Supervision
2003 – 2004 Project Cost P62,000,000 Service Cost P5,400,000
• Lupi Water Systems Project, Camarines Sur Eng’g Design & Supervision
2002- 2003 Project Cost P23,000,000 Service Cost P1,200,000
• Dinalupihan Water Supply Systems, Bataan Construction Supervision
1997 – 1999 Project Cost P31,000,000 Service Cost P1,200,000

2. ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT RELATED PROJECTS
• 2001, Commissioned By Henry Reyes to prepare Feasibility Study on the Development of a Model Farm that will engage in the production method of organic farming at Dulet, Dinalupihan, Bataan
• 2000, Commissioned by Mayor Jose Alejandre Payumo of Dinaluipihan Bataan to prepare a Feasibility Study on the establishment of the Proposed Water Supply System covering the Barangays of Luacan, Saguing & Payumo.


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• 1998, Commissioned by Kajima Construction to undertake Chemical Treatment of Cogon Roofing of cottages constructed under the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge to convert the roofing into something non-flammable.
• 1997, Commissioned by RED Ricardo Soriano to conduct technical inspection and assessment of the different Manufacturing Industries in Region III.
• 1997, Commissioned by Lookwell Philippines Inc. to remove the growth of algae on concrete wall of the 3-storey factory building and to formulate a coating medium that will inhibit the growth of Green Algae.
• 1996, Undertook the preparation of Engineering Design and Construction of Water Treatment Plant for Hong Sheng Corporation which engage in the manufacture of Denim Stone wash garments which discharges 120 M3 of effluent per day.
• 1996, Commissioned by Engr. Armando Blas of Rigid Steel Corporation to undertake the treatment of Cogon Grass for the Beach Resort Roofing located at owned by Todd Solomon to convert the roofing material into non-flammable material.
• 1997, Undertook Soil Poisoning for the building of Jose Javier at Bautista –Buendia in Makti, Kajima- Sumitomo building in Mandaue City in 1995, Lookwell Philippines Inc in 1996, Undertook the soil poisoning of Casino Filipino Building at Cebu Beach Club at Lapulapu City in 1994.
• 1994, Commissioned by Manila Kyowa in the preparation of a Feasibility Study for the Proposed Crocodile Farm at Salecneta Research Farm Complex.
• 1993, Commissioned by Ocean Power Corporation to conduct the preparation of Pre-feasibility Study on the utilization of Coriolis effect for power generation.
• Commissioned by Victor Korionoff to render design analysis on his invention that would utilize solar energy for purposes of refrigeration.
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3. CONSTRUCTION RELATED CONSULTING SERVICES
• 2002, Commissioned Roestgen Construction to supervise the construction and installation of Fiber Optics Communication Networks of Globe at Mandaue City.
• Supervised the excavation and installation of drainage pipe at Lipa-Malvar “LIMA” Industrial Zone Project undertaken by Kajima Construction in Batangas and Cavite.
• Supervised the construction of a warehouse for Haribon Corporation in Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila.
• Commissioned as consultant by Santiago Molina in the construction of a five-story building at Buendia St. in Makati City.
• Supervised in the construction of 2nd Mactan-Mandaue Bridge undertaken by a Joint Venture of Kajima- Sumitumo Construction.
• 1994 Supervised the Construction of 1,800 M2 Casino Filipino at Cebu Beach Club Resort in Lapulapu City.
• Consultant in the construction and installation of potable water piping and drainage construction Undertaken by CPE Consulting Services for ICTSI Project.
• 1991 Commissioned by ROP Construction in building 105 Housing Units for Filinvest Land Development at Langgam, San Pedro, Laguna.

4. CONSULTANCY SERVICES IN VARIOUS AREAS
• VICTOR KORIONOFF 2002
Prepared Project Feasibility Study on various Livelihood Projects to be included the package in connection with the loan being applied with his property near Quezon City Circle as collateral.



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• MARILAQUE COMMISSION 1994
Prepared the Inception Report for GDP Inc.to be included in the proposal in connection with the proposed Marikina – Infanta Expressway, Infanta International Ports and Silangan Railways.
• MODATECH VENTURES 1994
Prepared Feasibility Study on the manufacture of Form Hallow Block which is a new invention with special features whereby horizontal and vertical concrete beams are created upon pouring with concrete mixture.
• MR. CADAYUNA 1993
Designed and constructed a Tunnel Type of Drier with multiple roller trays and combustor installed for more convenient and fast drying of various Paper Mache items.
• PAGRAI MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE 1993
Undertake the Feasibility Study and Engineering Design on the construction and installation of pipelines for the supply of potable water in the community.
• MINDMASTERS 1992
Undertake the preparation of Engineering Designs of processing equipment needed in the manufacture of Cardboard being used as the raw materials in the production of exotic boxes.
• HERMIE OCAMPO 1992
Undertake the preparation of Feasibility Study on the Propagation & Culture of seaweeds and processing of agar-agar into intermediate products.
• PHILIPPINE PORTS AUTHORITY 1991
Commissioned to conduct a seminar workshop on Time & Motion Economy and preparation of “PERT/CPM“ Project Evaluation Research Technique /Critical Path Method’
• HVJ TRADING AND SERVICES 1990
Conduct the preparation of Project Feasibility Study on Sales and Marketing of Surveying Instruments produced in Japan.
• CERTEZA AERO-PHOTO SYSTEMS INC, 1990
Conduct a study and come up with a design of equipment that will process and recycle the used oil at the rate of 10,000 M3/Month
• BAUMON ENTERPRISES 1989
Conduct Engineering Studies to improve the quality of the Water Proofing Material being produced and served by the Company.
• CARD INDUSTRIES 1988
Conducted research activities aimed to ultimately come up with various formulations in the process of soap and detergent making and yields with products with a variety of active ingredients, colors and flavors.
• ADCAS INDUSTRRIES 1987
Undertake Feasibility Study for purposes of obtaining loan on the manufacture of different tools needed in Wood Working.
• PHLOEM ENTERPRISES 1986
Conducted Research on the formulation of “Gugo” Shampoo that later landed in the market under the brand name “Forest Gift”.
• XYLEM ENTERPRISES 1985
Conducted Research Activities aimed to ultimately come up with the formulation and production of Preventive Maintenance Chemicals and Households Chemicals.



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• FILIPINO TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 1983-1984
Commissioned as Technical Consultant and assigned to take charge in the preparation of Technical Write Up of the different invented products being handled as the product lines in FTC marketing outfit.
• CRD INTERNATIONAL 1981-1982
Commissioned as Technical Consultant and tasked to conduct and to formulate some improvements in the process of manufacture of Preventive Maintenance Chemicals and Household Chemicals to include the solidification of Alcohol by saponification process.

VIII. EMPLOYMENT RECORDS
1.0 EMPLOYMENT AS PARTOWNER/ OWNER OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
• AEROTECH SYSTEMS INC. 1972 - 1979
- Engaged as Managing Partner/Part-owner - incorporator’ A business entity engaged in Photogrammetric Suvery and Mapping that reached it peak with 80 employees. Appointed as Administration Manager from 1972 to 1975 and as Marketing Manager from 1976-1979.
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2.0 OTHER EMPLOYMENTS:
• ROESTGEN CONSTRUCTION INC.
- Administration Manager 1990 -1991
• DINALUPIHAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
- General Manager 1998-2000
• MANTRADE CORPORATION
- Administration Manager: 1980 - 1981
• CERTEZA AEROPHOTO SYSTEMS INC
- Research & Development Analyst - 1971-1972
- Asst. Chief: Flight Division 1970- 1971
• CERTEZA SURVEYING CO. INC.
- Laboratory Technician 1969-1970
• F.F. CRUZ & CO. INC.
- Laboratory Technician 1966-1969
• ATLANTIC GULE & PACIFIC CORPORATION
- Construction Supervisor 1964-1966
• PREMIER PAPER CORPORATION
- Section Chief: Stock Preparation 1962-1964
• PHILIPPINE LEATHER MFG CO.
- Pickling Section 1961- 1962
• SAMPAGUITA HOTEL
- Room Steward 1960 -1961

Solution to Global Warming (Part 22)

Phase Diagram for Water
Phase diagrams, like this phase diagram for water, show whether a substance exists as a vapor, liquid, or solid at a given temperature and pressure. The point where the three lines intersect in a phase diagram shows the pressure and temperature where the solid, liquid, and vapor all exist in equlibrium. This point, which occurs for water at 0.01°C (32.02°F), is known as the triple point.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Heat Index Chart
Dew Point (°F)
Temp (°F) 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0
65 62.7 63.8 65.0 66.6 - - - -
70 67.8 68.7 69.8 71.1 72.6 - - -
75 73.1 73.9 74.8 75.9 79.2 80.7 - -
80 79.8 80.6 81.6 82.8 84.4 86.9 90.9 -
85 83.5 84.7 86.1 88.0 90.5 94.0 99.0 106.6
90 87.9 89.4 91.2 93.6 96.9 101.2 107.2 115.6
95 92.9 94.5 96.7 99.6 103.4 108.4 115.2 124.3
100 98.1 99.9 102.4 105.6 109.8 115.3 122.7 132.3
105 103.4 105.4 108.1 111.6 116.1 122.0 129.7 139.7
110 108.7 110.9 113.8 117.5 122.3 128.4 136.3 146.5
Source: National Weather Service, NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), U.S. Department of Commerce
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of the Planets
Characteristic Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Equatorial radius (Earth radii†) 0.3825 0.9488 1 0.5325 11.21 9.449 4.007 3.883 0.1874
Equatorial inclination (degrees) 0.01 2.64 23.5 25.2 3.13 26.7 82.2 28.3 57.4
Mass (Earth masses‡) 0.0553 0.8150 1 0.1074 317.8 95.16 14.54 17.15 0.0023
Average density (g/cm3) 5.4 5.2 5.5 3.9 1.3 0.69 1.3 1.6 1.8
Rotational period (days) 58.6 -240 1 1.03 0.414 0.444 -0.718 0.671 -6.4
Orbital period (years) 0.2408 0.6152 1 1.881 11.86 29.46 84.01 164.8 247.9
Average distance from the Sun (Aus) 0.3871 0.7233 1 1.524 5.203 9.59 19.10 30 39.30
Orbital eccentricity (ratio) 0.206 0.00674 0.0167 0.0935 0.0489 0.0576 0.0497 0.00995 0.248
Orbital inclination (degrees) 7 3.39 0.0003 1.85 1.30 2.49 0.772 1.77 17.2
Moons (number) 0 0 1 2 63 47 27 13 3
†Planet's radius expressed as a multiple of Earth's radius (6,378 km)

‡Planet's mass expressed as a multiple of Earth's mass (5.974×1024 kg)
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.






12.7 THE GREAT SPECTACULAR EVENT

In case that the Greatest Catastrophe due to Global Warming starts its world wide destruction, do you want to die instantly or choose to die 30 days later so that you will be able to witness the greatest spectacle in such event?

The huge spectacle starts with the announcement made in the early part of year 2025, that a huge deposit of Natural Gas was hit during the oil exploration beneath the sea bed and methane gas created an upward current of air that reached the height of 40 kilometers. A week after, there appeared a hole of ozone layer that was spotted at the southern skies. In another few days it grows to a diameter of two thousand kilometers.

Due to the creation of Ozone Hole, the prevailing temperature near the equator which registers at 380C as a signal of Global Warming rose to 43 0C and the temperature near the polar region rose from -150C to +5 0C to start the melting of the ice cap. Rate of water evaporation in the Ocean has increased by 50% and so with the amount rainfall. As I was watching the BBC Telecast and also the CNN at the other TV set it was confirmed that Global Warming has reached its critical point. Within the last twenty for hours, there were 20 storms in the different parts the world with the wind velocity ranging from 200 KPH to 250 KPH that killed a total of about 4 million people and millions of homes were destroyed. About 50,000 people were hit and killed by lightning and thunderstorms.

While there is excessive rainfall and flooding in some parts of the globe, there are areas of extreme temperature and millions were reportedly killed by heat wave. The heat waves that crossed several countries in Africa and South America reached the temperature of 600C. Every body scampered to reach for a wet towel to cover their bodies. Those that are caught by heat waves outdoor fainted, many collapsed and others died, the report said.

There are extreme flooding in China, India, Indonesia United Kingdom and the United States following the storms that destroyed millions of houses. Thousands of lightning and thunderbolts could be heard within an hour and thunderbolts are everywhere.

The following day, the water in the ocean rose at the rate of 10 Cm per hour that in 24 hours the increase of water level reached 2.5 meters. People in the city scampered towards places at higher elevation. The next day, water in the ocean rose to a total height of 6. Meters. On the third day it rose to 15 meters to submerge important cities in the different parts of the world and fourth day the water in the ocean raised to the final height of 27 meters after all the ice in the North Pole and in the South Pole totally melted.

In the Philippines, heavy rainfall hits the Ilocus Region, Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog Region. Rainfall was recorded at 40 Cm in 24 hours. Within three days of rainfall, the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bataan and Bulacan were under water and Great Plain of Central Luzon was three meters below the flood water. On the fourth day, water in the ocean enters Metro Manila where 12 million people scampered toward the mountains range of San Mateo and Montalban. On the sixth day, the whole of Metro Manila became a part of the Ocean where you can find few buildings with their first ten floors were submerged under water.

The whole of Central Luzon likewise became a part of the Ocean and no structure is visible except Mount Arayat, and Cordillera Mountain.

On the seventh day, casualty was estimated at 1.5 billion and another 2.5 billion were rendered homeless and hungry. In a split of a second I found myself hanging and hovering over the ceiling and moments later I found myself inside a dark tunnel and traveling in great velocity. Eventually, I saw a small dot of light which grows bigger and bigger as I was speeding headway towards that light.

At the end of the tunnel I met St. Peter and I asked him why God allowed the earth Planet Earth destroyed and allowed billions of people die? St. Peter answered. “The reason why God destroyed the Planet Earth is because George W. Bush of the United States refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol.”




JOHNNY S.SUMBILLO
AUTHOR
CP# 09072961672

“AFTER HAVING LEARNED SO MUCH ABOUT THE LIVES AND WORKS OF GREAT MEN BEHIND NOTABLE DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS WORLDWIDE; AND AFTER HAVING REVIEWED THE WORKS AND THE FACES OF NOBLE PRIZE WINNERS IN MANY FIELDS OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY, I THOUGHT MANKIND IS THE GREATEST OF ALL CREATIONS UNTIL I FOUND THE PLANET EARTH BEING DESTROYED BY MAN HIMSELF.”


PREFACE

This book is designed to provide its readers a broad perspective of the present status of the Global Environment, the changes it has undergone in the recent past and the glaring evidences of disastrous events that mankind would only realize its mistake when it would too late to save himself. When this magnitude of catastrophic event comes man can no longer be saved by prayers.

As attributed to the resultant ecological imbalances we created in accelerated momentum, and the awareness that we are approaching the critical point of the greatest catastrophe mankind would ever experience.

This book is written primarily not only to disseminate relevant information about Global Warming nor is it written for entertainment or to satiate human desire for greater knowledge and enlightenment but also to let as many people as possible know that the Global Warming is real and will certainly destroy all of us within the time of our own generation. This book is written with noblest mission for the sake of mankind. The mission is to let each and every human individual understand and realize that this eminent Global Catastrophe demands in every citizen of the world to do its own share to thwart, avert and combat its occurrence and threat to the survival of mankind..

Many of us have enjoyed the pleasure and convenience, embraced in our grasp the wealth and bounty of life that modern industrialization and systematic production afforded us but the very means by which we achieved what we perceive as blessings will soon get back to us with all its power of indiscriminate destruction. It will destroy the whole of mankind unless you and I will change the course of events.

Should you choose to be a part of mankind that will provide a new direction and solution to the accelerated momentum towards Global Warming, this book is rich in facts and figures for you to explore. You will find the solution to Global Warming so easy, well defined and quantified and you will realize that you yourself are the only solution if you act now.

This book is intended for students for them to have a better grasp of environmental science and to earn a certain level of awareness in Global Warming. This is also written for school teachers to broaden their store of knowledge and to augment their competence in the teaching profession. The subjects in this book extend to the level of post graduate studies, more especially Physicists and Theoreticians.

Five new scientific theories advanced by this author include the proposition that gravitation is a “PUSH” and not a pull.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

This Author dedicates this book to his late parents
Eduardo Serilo Sumbillo and Regina Sulleza Sotero
Who planted the Seed of Life from the Creator; nurtured with love; taught the essence of the Divine Principles; and the idea that whatever a human person must do he must do it always with God

“That without having learned these basic things in life,
All forms of knowledge in this universe is unworthy”

This Author acknowledges the influence of Victor Korionoff, former President of the Filipino Inventor’s Society, whom he engaged in years of discussion regarding Elementary Particles, Quantum Physics, Metaphysical Principles, Morphogenetic Field and Zero Point Energy Field.

This Author appreciates with gratitude and thanks the contribution of Engr, Cieleto P. Establecida and Prof. Marivic De Leon who provided some technical data for editing the initial manuscript.

This Author likewise appreciates with gratitude and thanks the attitudinal influence and encouragement of Bormeo “Ming” Modanza, former president of the Filipino Inventor’s Society, Engr. Armando T. Blas in the construction business, and Jose V. Querijero for several decades of intellectual discussions in matter of the field in engineering, sciences and other philosophical concerns.

This Author likewise acknowledged with special concerns the dealings and assistance of the late brother, Antonino S. Sumbillo who brought him to Manila City and also the late uncle Diogracias S. Sotero and family and the late Natividad Sustento, that without which this Author would have not have attained his dreams and aspirations towards intellectual pursuit.

Solution to Global Warming (Part 21)

Another vital piece of information learned from “Last Chance For Chance” is the fact that the presence of abundant decayed matter in the ocean allows certain species of bacteria to feed on and at the same time consume almost all the dissolved oxygen that in effect transform the entire area as the Dead Zone that no organism would survive. This gave us the idea why a certain group who damped urea in Zulu Sea was advised not to continue their experiment because otherwise the whole area would be transformed into a Dead Zone.

The third highly important piece of information learned from “Last Chance for Change” is the idea that the presence of Sulfur Dioxide “SO2” in the atmosphere reflects substantial amount of Solar Radiation into Outer Space. The MOUNT PINATUBO eruption in December 25, 1991 expelled 3 billion tons of lahars within the radius of as far as 100 kilometer and 20 million tons of Sulfur Dioxide “SO2” that soured to the height of 11 Km to 19 Km spread all over the Earth’s Atmosphere was found to have caused the lowering of earth’s temperature by 0.25 0C for more than two years. According to scientists, SO2 has the ability to reflect Sunlight efficiently than other gases. If that is the case, this Author suggests that in case Global Warming comes to its worst an optimum amount of SO2 be sent to the Ozone Layer where the earth’s magnetism will hold it there for a number of years until the earth cools down to the right temperature.

As soon as the right temperature on the surface of the earth is attained, the SO2 shall be eliminated by sending equivalent amount of Sodium Hydroxide “NaOH” solution to which it will react and fall as Sodium Sulfate “Na2SO4” The earth magnetic field is located at the altitude of 45 kilometers.

12.2 EFFORTS UNDERTAKEN WORLDWIDE TO SOLVE GLOBAL WARMING

• 1957, Roger Reville & Hans Suess Began to continuously study the earth following the occasion of the Geophysical Year of 1957 at the Mauna Lua Observatory located at 3,300 meter high in Hawaii,
• 1975, First World Climate Conference by United Nation in Geneva, Switzerland
• 1975, World Meteorological Organization sponsored a Conference on Climatic Fluctuation.
• 1975, Understanding Climate Change “A Program of Action sponsored by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
• 1975, First World Climate Change Conference held in Geneva, Switzerland.
• 1985, Conference on Climate Change
• 1987, Conference on Climate Change
• 1988, Inter-government Panel on Climate Change Conference
• 1988, “The Changing Atmosphere Implication For Global Security” held in Toronto participated by 48 Countries
• 1992, Montreal Summit on Biodiversity Convention in Canada
• 1992, Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro came up with “Agenda 21” to limit atmospheric gases
• 1995, First Conference of Parties “COP” held yearly in Berlin, Germany
• 1997, June 24 UN Earth Summit Plus Five Conferences. !87 Countries participated to review the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit held in 1992.
• : 1997, Dec.11. Kyoto Protocol Conference addressed by Hiroshi Oki, Japanese Environment Minister
• 2001, The STERN Report
• 2002, Word Summit on Sustainable Development sponsored by United Nation Environmental Protection held in Johannesburg, South Africa
• 2003, Kyoto Protocol Meeting where 120 Countries signed the accord
• 2003 Carbon Credit in Chicago as the First
• 2003 Carbon Credit in London as the Second
• 2004, IPCC Desertification Convention Held in New Zealand
• 2004, Kyoto Protocol
• 2005, UN Kyoto Protocol: Held in Japan in February 29
• 2005, Montreal Meeting held in Canada
• 2005, Milken Institute Global Conference
• 2006, UN Ice Cap Summit: Held in April
• 2006, Atlanta Environment Summit
• 2007, November, Bali Summit in Indonesia
• 2007, Carbon Credit in China
• 2007, Summit of “G-8” in Helligendam, Germany


12.3 RATE OF INCREASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
YEAR CONCENTRATION Ppm ADDED PER YEAR
1200 – 1250 240.00 ppm – 241.75 ppm 1.75 0.035 ppm
1250 – 1300 241.75 ppm – 243.75 ppm 2.00 0.040 ppm
1300 – 1350 243.75 ppm – 246.00 ppm 2.25 0.045 ppm
1350 – 1400 246.00 ppm – 248.50 ppm 2.50 0.050 ppm
1400 – 1450 248.50 ppm – 251.25 ppm 2.75 0.055 ppm
1450 – 1500 251.25 ppm – 254.25 ppm 3.00 0.060 ppm
1500 – 1550 254.25 ppm – 257.50 ppm 3.25 0.065 ppm
1550 – 1600 257.50 ppm – 261.00 ppm 3.50 0.070 ppm
1600 – 1650 261.00 ppm – 264.75 ppm 3.75 0.075 ppm
1650 – 1700 264.75 ppm – 269.75 ppm 5.00 0.100 ppm
1700 – 1750 269.50 ppm – 276.00 ppm 6.50 0.130 ppm
1750 – 1800 276.00 ppm – 285.00 ppm 9.00 0.180 ppm
1800 – 1850 285.00 ppm – 297.50 ppm 12.25 0.245 ppm
1850 – 1900 297.50 ppm – 315.00 ppm 17.50 0.350 ppm
1900 – 1950 315.00 ppm – 340.00 ppm 25.00 0.500 ppm
1950 – 2000 340.00 ppm – 375.00 ppm 35.00 0.700 ppm

2000 – 2007 375.00 ppm – 389.50 ppm 14.50 2.071 ppm
• 2000 - 2001 Increase 1.50 ppm/year
• 2001 - 2002 Increase 2.08 ppm /year
• 2002 - 2003 Increase 2.54 ppm /year
• 2003 - 2004 Increase 2.00 ppm/year
• 2004 - 2005 Increase 1.50 ppm /year
• 2005 - 2006 Increase 2.60 ppm /year
• 2006 - 2007 Increase 2.28 ppm/year
Total 14.50 ppm

The Signatories of Global Warming Accord in the Kyoto Protocol made the CO2 level of 1990 as the reckoning figure for their targets in emission reduction which took effect in 2005 and to end in 2012. Based on the pledges of the different countries in many parts of the world, it may be summed to a total of eight “8” percent reduction annually.

The total amount of CO2 in the Atmosphere as of 1990 is estimated at 360 Ppm with the average annual increase of 1.5 ppm and presently 2.0 ppm. The reduction by eight “8” per cent on annual emission would only mean that 2..0 ppm will just be reduced to 1.84 ppm per year so that in the next five years in 2012 the total CO2 in the Atmosphere will still be added with 9.2 ppm. Despite of the efforts being made worldwide, the CO2 concentration is expected to increase from the present level of 389.50 ppm to 398.7 ppm by year 2012.



While the effort to reduce CO2 emission pursuant to commitments made in the Kyoto Protocol is significant, it is not enough. It may be considered significant because instead of adding 10 ppm in the absence of such effort only 9.2 ppm would be added and thereby saving 0.80 ppm within the next five years.

The total Agricultural Waste worldwide is estimated at 10.1835 billion tons annually computed at the per capita waste of 4.5 kilogram per person per day. At 60% moisture content it would amount to 4.0734 billion tons. One ton of organic waste when burned would emit 1.543859 tons of CO2 as shown in the following equation:

342 384 528 198
C12H22O11 + 12 O2 = 12 CO2 + 11 H2O

528
CO2 = -------- = 1.5438596491 Kg/Kg of Wood
342

Organic Waste Content = 4.0734 billion tons (1.543859 )
= 6.2887552506 billion tons

6.2887552506 billion tons
Parts per million of Atmosphere = ---------------------------------
4.1417336172185181 x 109 Tons

= 1.518387185 ppm

1.5183871856 ppm
Equivalent Reduction of CO2 Emission = ------------------------------- (100)
2.0 ppm

= 75. 91935928 %

It is therefore recommended that no burning of Agricultural Waste will be allowed worldwide. It is further recommended that Agricultural Waste must be shredded and returned into the soil to retain the nutrients, nurture and propagate the bacteria, increase porosity and hygroscopic property of the soil. Even if the cost of shredding would amount to the equivalent of 7.5 % of the Agricultural Waste, about 1.2 ppm or 60 % of annual CO2 emission would be realized.

The Philippines with a population of 80 million by the middle of 2008 has been estimated to have an annual Agricultural Waste of 131,490,000 tons. If shredding of agricultural waste and the application of such shredded organic materials into the farmlands is estimated to cost P373.25 per ton. Since that one ton of solid waste would emit 1.543859649 tons of CO2, the total cost to save every ton of CO2 would amount to P242.25.

Based on the current price of Carbon Credit of $12.5 or P500.00 per ton, the farmer would make a profit in the amount of P257.15 per ton of agricultural waste that is processed and returned into the soil. Since that a unit of Shredder is estimated to be able to process 4 tons per day, the rice Farmer would be able to make a profit of P1,028.60 per day.

Shredding Rate = 4 tons/day “20 M3” of rice straw /8hrs/day
= 139 Grams/sec “41.7 Liters/Minute

Shredder 5 HP = 1.385 Liters/Hr (8 L/Hr)
= 11.08 Liters/day P40/Liter
= P443.20

Operators = P250.00/day x 2
= P500.00/day

Transport &apply = P250 x 2
= P500.00

Shredder Investment = P30,000/5years/12 months/10 days/month
= P50.00/day

Total Cost = P1,493.20/4tons
= P373.25/ton

One ton of Dry Straw = 1.5438596491 tons of CO2
Total CO2 Saved = 1.5438596491 tons of CO2 (4 tons)
= 6.1754385964 Tons/day
Net CO2 Saving = 6,175.4385964 Kg - 26.77 Kg
= 6,148.6685964 Kg

Cost of CO2 = P1,493.20/6.1486685964 tons
= P242.85/ton

CO2 Emission by Shredder = 11.08 Liters of Crude Oil/day (0.7825 Kg/Liter
= 8.67 Kg (3.0877 KgCO2/Kg Straw
= 26.77 Kg

114 400 352 162
C8H18 + 12.5 O2 = 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
C8 = 96 352
H18 = 18 CO2 = ------- = 3.0877
Total = 114 114

Current Carbon Credit Pricing = $12.5/ton (P40/$
= P500.00/Ton of CO2
Net Profit = P500.00 – P242.85
= P257.15/ton

Profit/day = 257.15 x 4 tons/day
= P1,028.60/day

Return on Investment “Shredder” = P30,000/1,028.60/day
= 29.17 days

A hectare of irrigated Riceland farm is estimated to have a yield of 120 sacks or 6,000 Kg of Palay per harvest season. If the weight of the stalk is three times the weight of Palay, about 18 tons of agricultural waste can be processed per season. If the farmer makes a Carbon Credit of P257.15 per ton, he stand to gain total sales of P4,628.70 per harvest season of P9,257.40 per year for two harvest seasons.

Other than the income out of Carbon Credit, the farmer does not need to apply fertilizer into his farm which would normally cost him as much as P15,000 per year. The Carbon Credit scheme will not only generate an income to the rice farmer but also create employment equivalent to P9,000 per hectare per year.

If we consider 2,500,000 hectares of irrigated farm out of 3,200,000 hectares of Riceland in the Philippines, the amount of Carbon Credit it can generate would amount to P23.1435 billion per year. It would save the farmer from the cost of fertilizer in the amount of P37.5 billion per year and generate employment amounting to P22.5 billion per year.

12.4 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

• Keep temperature rise below 2.0 0C is the necessary point to ascertain that the earth would not reach it tipping point.

PHILIPPINES NORMAL TEMP. CRITICAL POINT
Dry Season Daytime Average: 34 0C 36 0C
Dry Season Nighttime Average 24 0C 26 0C
Wet Season Daytime Average 30 0C 32 0C
Wet Season Nighttime Average 20 0C 22 0C

POLAR REGION NORMAL TEMP. CRITICAL POINT
Daytime Season Average: - 12 0C 0 0C
Nighttime Season Average - 16 0C - 4 0C

• When Global Temperature rise by 2.0 0C plants, insects and animal biodiversity is threatened. Doubling the concentration of CO2 from 375 ppm to 750 ppm is estimated to increase Atmospheric Temperature by 1.5 0C to 4.5 0C.

• In October 2006, it was observed that the ice that melted is three times compared to that of 1996. About 250 Km3 melted per year.

• Bleaching the Coral Reef due high temperature Threatens the Great Barrier Reef

• According to Carol Tualey, head of Plymouth Marine Laboratory, too much absorption of carbon dioxide in sea water may enhance the formation of Carbonic Acid that would render the water devoid of dissolve oxygen and therefore will converts the water not fit for marine life.

• Too much growth of algae that may eventually die will consume oxygen and coverts the area as dead zone.

• There are already countries that group themselves into a coalition to avail Carbon Credit. Example is that of Costa Rica & New Guinea.

• Toyota Prius – A new Car Model of hybrid fuel system was first exhibited on a show on April 16, 2003

• Italy was the first country to install a Geothermal Plant. Today the biggest producer of electric power from Geothermal Plant is the United States with 2,000 Megawatts and followed by the Philippines with 1,900 Megawatts for Second Place.

• Vapor Trail of Passing Aircraft has the effect of reflecting back light radiation that is 2.7 times greater than the effect of CO2.

• Other countries with Geothermal Plants Include:
- Italy - Columbia - South Korea
- Chile - Canada - Indonesia
- Ecuador - Russia - Au8stralia
- Peru - China - New Zealand

• Ice Cap was found to reflect 84% to 90% of Sunlight.

• Seals and Krills in ice region served as food for Penguins

• Mount Kilimanjaro is 5,895 meters in height is covered with ice.

• Drinking water shortage for the past 30 years covers 1.2 million Km2.

• Due to the demand of wood fiber for the production of facial tissues, 1.98 million hectares of forest is lost every year in Ontario Canada.

• During the last 10 years water in the Ocean was found to rise by 2 mm per year or 2 Cm in 10 years.

• Iceberg lost 90 Km3 in 1996 now reached 224 Km3 in 2005.

• Green Land losses 50 Km3 per year from 1995 to 1999.

• The Chemobyl Nuclear Tragedy took place in 1986 at Ukraine, Russia while the Three Mile Nuclear Tragedy took place in 1977 at Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

• CO2 DENSITY PRESENT CRITICAL PT. CRITICAL YEAR
Johnny S. Sumbillo 389.5 ppm 450 ppm 2027 - 2037
Paul Brown 383.0 ppm 400 ppm 2017 – 2027

AREAS THAT WILL BE SUBMERGED DUE TO ONE METER RISE IN SEA LEVEL AFFECT HUNDRED OF MILLIONS
COUNTRIES AFFECTED TOTAL POPULATION
Bangladesh 15,000,000 148,000,000
India 8,000,000
China
Metro Manila 6,000,000
Maldives 300,000

The Great Barrier Reef is threatened with massive distraction due to much higher temperature whereby the coral reef are bleached which means that the polyps that builds the coral reefs have died.

Run away Climate Change is the stage of the Global Condition when the warming process proceeds in uncontrollable and irreversible trend as may attribute to by:

1. When a large portion of the ice cap has melted, the melting tends to continue because ice which reflects 84 % of the sunlight has gone and results to greater absorption of heat and consequently increase the rate of the melting process of ice until everything is gone.
2. When huge amount of methane is unleashed into the atmosphere following the melting of the permafrost, such methane will create a large ozone hole which would results to more heat reaching and being stored on the surface of the earth that eventually hasten the catastrophic event of Global Warming.
3. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached a critical point, the heat that is trapped will continue to build up on the earth’s surface

Tipping Point is another term for Run Away Climate Change

Methane Increase in 2004 is 1.783 ppm = 155%
N2O Increase in 2004 is 0.3186 ppm = 18%
Compared to Pre-industrial Period in year 1650


TRAGEDIES DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
“ WIND”
• Typhoon
• Hurricane
• Tornado
• Tsunami
• Thunderbolt
• HURRICANE KATRINA IN 2005 devastated New Orleans killed 1,300 inhabitants and destroyed $26 billion worth of properties.
•
“WATER”
• Flash Flood
• Inundation
• Land Slide
• Lahars
• Dissertation
• Sahara dust covered arable areas and farmland and transformed them into additional areas of deserts. The new areas of deserts absorbs greater amount of heat
• DANUBE FLOOD : Over flowed by 8 meters over river banks in Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia..


ALPS GLACIER LOSS 1.0% OF ITS MASS PER YEAR
• PERMAFROST the melting of Permafrost in Serbia is feared to have unleashed 70 billion tons of methane. The boiling point of methane is -161 0C. The northernmost part of Siberia is permafrost which temperature is cold enough to have frozen huge amount of methane. Once this much of methane in unleashed into the atmosphere there would be a crisis in creating ozone hole that could trigger the tipping point of Global Warming. Ozone Holes will allow eight “8” percent more heat from solar radiation if there is no ozone to block such radiation.
• DESERT: The increasing magnitude of the area of the desert in Africa brings about long period of draught that results to sever shortage in supply of food that 11 million out of 184 million African would die of famine in 2006
• RISING SEA: In 1987 United Nation General Assembly, President Mau moon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives warned that a one meter rise in water level of the ocean would mean a death of a nation with 330,000 populations. Maldives is an island located in Indian Ocean.
• Draught in Africa in 2006 endangered 184 million people of famine
• Bangladesh with 148 million populations has one third of its landmass will be under water with the rise of Sea Level.
• Deforestation Worldwide is presently estimated at 16.1 million hectares per year.


“HEAT”
• Heat Wave
• Draught
• Death Record in 2003 European Heat Wave is 49,000 persons
• FOREST FIRE IN CALIFORNIA: NEW MIXICO AND ARIZONA IN
2005 Destroyed 3.58 Million Hectares
• DUST FROM SAHARA DESERT CREATES DRAUGHTS AND HEATWAVE: Affected Countries:
Algeria Italy Greece
Albania Spain Portugal
• Brazil Lost 26,000 Km2 of Forest Cover mainly due to deforestation in Amazon
• European Heat Wave killed 49,000

12.5 CARBON DIOXIDE DEPOSITS,EMISSION & SEQUESTRATION
PERMANENTLY ANNUALLY ANNUALLY
LOCATIONS/SOURCE DEPOSITED EMITTED ABSORBED/SILTED
Annual/Permanent (Gegatons) (Gegatons) (Gegatons)
1. Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere 1,644.78 ------------ -------------
2. Agricultural Crops 4.75 4.585 6.114
3. Forest, Orchard & Shrubs 623.82 14.347 12.476
4. Grassland/ Grazing Land 29.52 8.856 14.760
5. Dissolved in Ocean Water 1,729.39 3.285 3.458
6. Deposited in Ocean Plant 15.59 2.339 3.119
7. Ocean Bed Silts 77,524.42 0.112 ---------
8. Buried Underground “100 M” 18,194.42 -------- ---------
9. Planktons 2.79 11.811 15.748
10. Zoological Marine Life 2.14 2.344 ---------
11. Corals & Polyps 53.59 -------- 0.001
14. Animal Food Intake/Manure 3.35 2.680 --------
15. Human Food Intake/Excreta 0.67 0.536 --------
16. Animal Breathing -------- 0.600 --------
17. Human Breathing -------- 0.120 --------
18. Liquor Distilleries & Fermentation -------- 0.020 --------
19. Lime stones 1,915.00 -------- --------
20. Sea Shells 4.78 -------- --------
21. Permafrost 4.30 -------- --------
22. Natural Gas --------- 4.172 --------
23. Petroleum --------- 3.885 --------
24. Coal --------- 0.332 --------
25. Wood & Charcoal --------- 4.443 --------
26. Fossil Fuel Underground Deposit 670.40 --------- --------
TOTAL 105,903.38. 64.467 55.676

8.791
D = 8.791 PPM = --------------- = 2.1225 PPM/YR
4.141733.

NATURE PERCENT AREA
Forested 6.50 % 6,240,000 Km2
Orchard Plantation 8.50% 8,160,000 Km2
Shrubs & Bushes 30.750% 29,520,000 Km2
Grassland/Grazing 32.25% 30,960,000 Km2
Grain Production 6.50% 6,240,000 Km2
Vegetable Garden 2.25% 2,160,000 Km2
Root Crops 1.75% 1,680,000 Km2
River and Lakes 2.50% 2,400,000 Km2
Urban Housing&Roads 5.750% 5,520,000 Km2
Open Space/Arid 1.250% 1,200,000 Km2
Total 100.000% 96,000,000 Km2

12.6 MAGNITUDE AND COMPONENT OF THE SUN

The sun is a star nearest to the earth. It has a total mass equal to 1.99 x 1027 Tons and its diameter at 1,380,000 KM. is equivalent to 3.6 times greater than the mean distance between the earth and the moon and/or 108.18 times the diameter of the earth.

The mean distance of the Sun from the earth is 149,500,000 KM which is equal to 108.33 times greater than the diameter of the sun and/or 11,720 times the diameter of the earth.

Volume of Sun = (1,380,000KM/2)2 (3.141582654) (1,380,000KM) (¾)

= 1,548,062,191,759,329,000 KM3
= 1.548062191759329 x 1018 KM3.

1.548062191759329 x 1018 KM3
Ratio of Volumes = --------------------------------------- = 1,272,376 Times
1.21667043591991 x 1012 KM3.

1.99 x 1027 Tons
Solar Density = ------------------------------------------------------
1,548,062,191,759,329,000,000,000,000 M3

= 1.2854 Tons/M3

The mass of the Sun is 332,776 times greater than the mass of the earth shown in the following:
1.99 x 1027 Tons
Ratio of Masses = ---------------------- = 332,776 times
5.98 x 1021 Tons

Material Components of the Sun:

H2 = 92.0 %
He = 6.0 %
Metallic Vapor = 2.0 %
Total 100.0 %

Surface Temperature of the Sun 6,000,000 0C
Inner Temperature of the Sun 42,000,000 0C

Solar light Intensity 100,000 to 120,000 lux

12.6.1 SOLAR RADIATION AND MAGNITUDE OF ITS EMITTED MASS

Area of Earth Exposed to Sun = 127,377,271.123504 KM2
= 1.27377271123504 x 108 KM2

Area of Sphere of Solar Radiation With Intensity Equal to that of Earth

TOTAL ENERGY EMITTED BY THE SUN IN ALL DIRECTIONS

E = 2.652170183293689077223160845 x 1021 Cal. /Day (1.7433158257 x 1010)
= 4. 62357025294852014877 x 1031 Calories

MASS EMITTED BY THE SUN PER DAY

E = MC2
M = E/C2

ONE MILLIGRAM MASS WHEN CONVERTED TO PURE ENERGY
One milligram of mass that is totally converted into pure energy in accordance with Einstein’s Formula ( E = mc2) is equivalent to the heat if and when 2,468.218 liter of Gasoline is burned.

E = MC2

m = 0.000001 Kg
c2 = 9 x 1016.M

E = 0.000001 (9 x 1016)
= 9 x 1010 Joules
= 2.1531 x 1010 Calories



EQUIVALENT LITER OF GASOLINE

2.1531 x 1010 Calories
Liters = ----------------------------- = 2,468.218 Liters
8,723,337 Calories/Liter

Mass in Kg

C = (300,000,000 M/Sec)2 = 9 x 1016 M
E = Joules
Calorie = 4.18 Joules

E = ( 4. 62357025294852014877 x 1031 Calories (4.18 J/Cal).

4. 62357025294852014877 x 1031 Calories (4.18Joule/Calorie)
M = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 x 1016.

= 2.147391517480534913539844 X 1015 Kg/Day
= 2.147391517480534913539844 x 1012 Tons/Day
= 2.147391517480534913539844 x 103 KM3/Day
= 2,147 KM3 of Water Weight Equivalent of gasoline/day


MASS ADDED TO THE EARTH FROM THE SUN

2.147391517480534913539844 X 1015 Kg/Day
MASS = ---------------------------------------------------------
1.7433158257 x 1010

= 123,106.8415511 Kg/Day
= 123.1068415511 Tons/Day

Gasoline = 8,723,337 Calories/Liter
= 8.723337 x 109 Calories/M3
= 8.723337 x 109 Calories/M3
= 8.723337 x 1015 Calories/Km3

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Proton Mass = 1.672628919233 x 10-24Gm
Neutron Mass = 1.674928767392 x 10-24Gm
Electron Mass = 9.380981038889 x 10-28Gm



PAGE 249


Major Volcanic Eruptions Since 1900
Volcano Location Year Deaths*
Santa María Guatemala 1902 1,500
Pelée Martinique 1902 29,000
Taal Philippines 1911 1,335
Kelut, Java Indonesia 1919 5,110
Merapi Indonesia 1930 1,369
Rabaul Caldera Papua New Guinea 1937 507
Lamington Papua New Guinea 1951 2,942
Hibok Hibok Philippines 1951 >500
Agung Indonesia 1963 1,148
St. Helens United States 1980 57
El Chichón Mexico 1982 >2,000
Nevado del Ruiz Colombia 1985 23,000
Lake Nyos Cameroon 1986 1,700
Pinatubo Luzon, Philippines 1991- 1996 800
Unzen Japan 1991 39
Mayon Philippines 1993 70

Solution to Global Warming (Part 20)

Deep down below the surface fishes take in Oxygen and discharge Carbon Dioxide for the Botanical organisms to consume. The Algae and Planktons take in Carbon Dioxide and discharge Oxygen for the plants the fishes to consume. There is a symbiotic relationship below the surface of in a similar manner as it is in the Atmosphere.

At certain instances a patient in the hospital bed may be served with oxygen from the Oxygen Tank and in similar manner we may induce additional Carbon Dioxide into the water in the ocean. To do this we need more fish inhabitants and to have more fishes, we need to have more plants for them to eat

To have more Plankton in the ocean water, we know that all the nutrients needed are there in great abundance in ocean water except phosphorus that serve as the limiting factor which presence is seemingly insignificant.

ABUNDANCE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN HYDROSPHERE AND IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Hydrosphere Atmosphere
Oxygen 85.79 Nitrogen 75.53
Hydrogen 10.67 Oxygen 23.02
Chlorine 2.07 Argon 1.40
Sodium 1.14 Hydrogen 0.02
Magnesium 0.14 Carbon 0.01
Calcium 0.05 Krypton 0.01
Sulfur 0.05 Xenon 0.005
Potassium 0.04 -------- --------
Nitrogen 0.01 -------- --------
Bromine 0.01 -------- --------
Carbon 0.01 --------- --------
Iodine 0.006 --------- --------
Iron 0.002 --------- --------
Phosphorus -------- --------- ---------
Remainder 0.002 Remainder 0.005
TOTAL 100.00% 100.00%

Obviously, it is Phosphorus that should be supplied into the sea water and definitely not Urea which a group of researchers dumped in Sulo Sea in the middle of October 2007.

In view of the fact that what is to be supplied into the sea is supplemental, the need is very minimal and there suggest the viability of the method. To come with quantification let us examine the relevance of the following details of a certain experiment. This episode is extracted from the scientific literary work by this same author in “Solution From Within” written in year 1995.

“It may be recalled that in a certain experiment conducted, the researcher prepared a large metallic confinement and have the same filled with soil materials, which have been quantified in terms of total mass and proximate chemical analysis. The water being feed into the root system of the plant as the subject of the experiment was thoroughly monitored of solids and soluble solid components and the drained water from the soil structure is carefully returned into the root systems of the plant.

After more than three years of growth, the plant was analyzed to have a total weight of more than 70 kilogram to include the trunk, branches, leaves intact and those that have fallen, roots and every bit of its rootlets. The findings revealed that for every 1,000,000 parts by weight of the plant, only a corresponding weight of the soil that was lost and absorbed by the plant amounted to 750 parts. In other words out of one ton or 1,000 kilogram of the bulk of the plant, only three fourth of a kilo is absorbed from the soil.”

Available data about the bodily component of geosperm reveals that phosphorus content is 0.005 percent or 50 parts per million while potassium constitute 0.006 percent of 60 part per million. Assuming that 50% of the Phosphorus compound that is applied in the ocean finally end up being consumed by Planktons,

Calcium Phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Ca = 40 x 3 = 120 62
P = 31 x 2 = 62 P = ------- = 0.213793
O2 = 32 x 4 = 128 290
Total 290

1,000 Gm
Ca3(PO4)2 = (--------------) = 4,677.419355 Gm
0.213793
To avail of one kilo of pure Phosphorus at 50% recovery, 9.354838 kg of Calcium Phosphate shall be applied. At 50 ppm of bodily component, one kilo of phosphorus will supplement all other nutrients that are abundant in sea water to produce 20,000 kg of Plankton. To round off the figures, one kilogram of Calcium Phosphate will yield 10,000 kg of Plankton

Recommended application method consist of the preparation of a one percent solution a have solution sprayed over the using a speed boat, It can be done once in every three days.

DAILY ADULT MINERAL REQUIREMENTS IN GRAMS
Potassium (K) = 3 Iron (Fe) = 0.014
Sodium (Na) = 2 Manganese (Mn) = 0.003
Chlorine (Cl) = 2 Copper (Cu) = 0.002
Phosphorus (P) = 1.3 Cobalt (Co) = 0.002
Calcium (Ca) = 0.45 Chromium (Cr) = 0.001
Magnesium (Mg) = 0.35 Selenium (Se) = 0.001
Iodine (I) = 0.015 Zn, Al, Si, F, = traces
TOTAL 11.115 0.023
GRAND TOTAL = 11.138


A = (149,500,000KM)2 (3.141592654)2.
= 220,588,125,823,053,085.74 KM2
= 2. 220,588,125,823,053,085.74 x 1018 KM2

2. 220,588,125,823,053,085.74 x 1018 KM2
Area Ratio = --------------------------------------------------
1.27377271123504 x 108 KM2

= 1.7433158257 x 1010

Energy from the Sun emitted to Earth’s Surface

E = 2.652170183293689077223160845 x 1021 Calories /Day





11. 5 ALGAE & CORAL GROWTH ENHANCEMENT & PRESERVATION

11.5.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF MARINE LIFE SANCTUARIES

To implement this project, there must be a source of fund from highly industrialized countries like the United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada among others. The expenses may be charged to carbon dioxide credit program as may be provided in the Bali, Indonesia Accord that may be reached within the next two years.

Suggested Scheme of Development:

• A Marine Life Sanctuary with an average area of 10 Km2 shall be established along the shoreline at the interval of every 50 Kilometers.

• Each Marine Sanctuary shall be delineated with nylon rope with floating balls that are anchored to the sea bed.

• Each Marine Life Sanctuary will be provided with ten units of makeshift Coral Reefs made of 10 M x 10 M Concrete Structures to serve as the base upon which corals will start forming and at the same time a breeding place for marine life.

• Design of Coral Reef Makeshift shall includes concave crevices to trap dissolved oxygen that may be deposited at nighttime when water becomes cooler and release some of its dissolved oxygen. It must include the provision of small compartments to serve as hiding places of fingerlings.

• Each sanctuary will be off limit to any fishing activity and guarded by a duly commissioned caretaker, which will be under the supervision of the Local Government Unit.

• The shallow portions will be planted with Mangroves and other portions will be seeded with various varieties of algae.

Expected Out puts:

• Growth of algae will be enhanced and allowed to multiply to eventually occupy the entire area of the sanctuary purposely to sequester carbon dioxide while at the same time serves as a breeding ground.

• The formation of Corals will be initiated and be allowed to grow for life to absorb carbon dioxide while at the same time serves as breeding ground.

• The sanctuary will serve as a means regulate the impact of over-fishing that would result to higher fish production in ocean waters.

11.6 AGRICULTURAL WASTE PRESERVATION & UTILIZATION

11.6.1 TOTAL BAN ON BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE

• The global output of Agricultural Waste at the per capita of 4 Kg per day on dry basis will sum up to 9.052 gegatons annually that when burned will produce carbon dioxide that is equivalent to the weight of 27 cubic kilometers of water. This amount of carbon dioxide that is sequestered by agricultural plants within a year gets back into the Atmosphere when burned.

• The above magnitude of carbon dioxide is equivalent to roughly 7 parts per million or 1.86% of the total carbon dioxide in the Atmosphere.


11.2.5 SHREDDING FOR MULCHING MATERIALS

• When shredded and used mulching in the case of vegetable plantation or shredded and mixed into the cultivated soil, the farmers will retain the fertilizer component of Agricultural Waste to reduce the normal inputs of fertilizer. The soil being applied will increase its porosity, hygroscopic property and enhance the growth and propagation of soil bacteria.


11.2.6 STOCKPILING AND COMPOSTING

• The farmers may choose the option of having their agricultural Waste stockpiled and allowed to decompose. To enhance much faster decomposition, the materials may be wet with water that is duly inoculated with bacteria.

• The farmer may also have the option to produce methane by conducting the process in an airtight vessel with optimum inoculating medium being applied and utilize the methane for drying the harvested products.

11.7 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

11.7.1 HYDRO- POWER PLANTS

The Philippines has average annual rainfall that ranges from 1,800 mm to 2,600 mm which potential has not been fully tapped. The overall average of 2.2 meters of rainfall every year translates into a total supply of 660 cubic kilometers of water annually. To optimize the utilization of rainwater, contour canals can be constructed to hold the rain water for purposes of forest tree plantation, orchard plantation and upland farms. The runoff water from these canals can be collected in a series of dams and water impounding structures for small as well as large hydro-power plants.

To fully utilize the potential of rain water, artificial lakes can be constructed at the foot of every mountainous range to have sufficient of water for irrigation and fresh water fish ponds.


11.7.2 GEOTHERMAL PLANTS

The Philippines today ranks as the second largest in terms of power generation derived from the heat from the interior of the earth. With the total power generation that is equivalent to 16 percent of our total supply of electricity we rank second to that of the United States.

The Philippines needs to survey other potentially feasible areas for the development of more geothermal plants in order to be self sufficient in the supply of electricity without power generation powered by fossil fuel.


11.7.3 SOLAR ENERGY

The generation of electricity out of solar panels is far more expensive in terms of the initial cost but it serves special purposes especially to remote places where existing power lines is not available and would be too expensive to extend power lines in these remote areas. It also serves the needs in small islands where electricity is not available.

The idea of a linear paraboloid solar reflector could a good potential for generation of electricity which can be explored in the future. Superheated steam can be produced within a steel pipe where light reflected from mirror are made to focus upon a line defined by the steel pipe. For every square meter of mirror about 800 watts can be realized which is ten times greater than 80 watts generated by the solar panel.





In the Philippines, energy derived from Wind Mills is limited in scope and only available in location specific. Isolated units of Wind Mills are utilized for water pumping for the needs of households and in some cases for irrigation purposes. While the wind velocity in most part of the country is not suited for the operation of Wind Mills, there specific areas where wind power is available that could be harnessed for several months within a year.

The only structure of a series of Wind Mills that generates substantial power in the Philippines is the one installed the northern most part of the Island of Luzon. Some Wind Mills could be found in operation in the great plain of Luzon more specifically in the province of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Pampanga.


11.7.5 ORGANIC OIL EXTRACTION

• JATROPA
It seems that the oil extracted from the seed of Jatropa or tuba-tuba which is “Kasla” in Ilongo dialect is something that earned the interest of many businessmen. The latest claim being published about Jatropa is that production of ten tons of seed can be realized in every hectare annually. The seeds reportedly contain 30% oil so that a hectare would yield 3,000 liters per year. At P40 per liter, total production would amount to P120, 000 per hectare per year.

In so far as this Author is concerned the said claim is overstated by as much as ten times. A farmer would be lucky if he could harvest one kilo of seeds from every area of ten square meters within the plantation making a total harvest of only one ton per hectare for a total yield of P12, 000 per hectare per year

The process of oil extraction would probably cost 20% or the amount of P2, 400 per ton. Harvesting of the fruits is laborious because Jatropa fruit don’t ripen at the same time and a bit bulky to transport manually. Harvesting two tons of fruits that would yield one ton of seeds and hand carrying down the hills would probably cost P50. Per sack or a total of P2, 500 for 50 sacks. Transporting the fruits to the Processing Plant would probably cost P500 for two tons of fruits. Getting the seeds from husk of fruits from may be done by a machine which may cost another amount of P600. This leaves the farmer with an income of P6, 000 per hectare per year. If processing is delayed, the farmer’s expenses in harvesting and hauling may not be recovered.

The harvested seeds need to be processed immediately because if it is stored for four months more than 50% will disappear into the air. This is due to the fact that the oil consists of double bond organic acids that are easily oxidized which in the process are transformed into gaseous substances and get lost into the air. About a kilo of Jatropa seed that was left in a glass bottle vanished after six months. When the bottle with about 50 grams of sediment left was opened, poisonous gas that caused dizziness escaped
Jatropa has already claimed several lives of children who have eaten the oily seed many have landed in hospitals. Jatropa oil is poisonous and the resultant gas when oxidized is much more poisonous. Since the oil could easily be oxidized, the oil processor will have a problem in the storage of the oil product because he will not only incur losses but poison the environment. If harvesting of fruits is delayed, the size of the fruit is reduced because of oxidation. Therefore further research is needed before making any recommendation for its propagation and utilization as fuel.


• HANGA –HANGA TREE SEED OIL

Hanga-hanga Tree Seed oil is organic oil that is available in small bottles being sold as medicinal oil among herbalist near Quiapo Church in Manila City. The extract is a thick type of oil that is similar to diesel fuel oil derived from plants that do not grow tall. If propagated in large plantation, it may prove to be of greater yield than the Jatropa and of much better quality because it is medicinal while Jatropa is poisonous.


• COCONUT OIL

Coconut oil has been tested as a superior type of fuel oil but its market price as vegetable oil is about 50 percent higher than diesel fuel. Total annual production of coconut in the Philippines is 12 billion nuts with equivalent oil production of 3 billion liters or 12 million cubic meters. The bulk of coconut oil production at present is used in the manufacture of vegetable oil at 25% mixture with palm oil at 75%.

The Philippines used to be the primary source of coconut export in the world market which garners about 43% of the world supply.


11.7.6 ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCED BY FERMENTATION

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol can be produced from different types of fruit that are rich in fruit sugar known as fructose. It can be produced malt sugar known as maltose that is derived from grains such as rice, wheat, corn and other types of cereals. It can also be produced from sucrose being derived from cane sugar as well as from lactose of milk sugar.

CONVERSION OF TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES INTO ELECTRIC CARS

• DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUEL DEPOSIT

The annual consumption of petroleum, natural gas and coal all over the world at present, amounts to 362 quadrillion BTU which is equivalent to 2.95 cubic kilometers of gasoline.
ANNUAL TOAL DEPLETION
FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION RESERVE IN YEARS
Petroleum 3.625 Gegatons 162.5 Gegatons 37.5
Natural Gas 1.76 Gegatons 110.5 Gegatons 48.0
Coal 5.00 Gegatons 1,000 Gegatons 84.0

Consumption of fossil fuel is expected to increase by 2.25% per year so that on the 37th year from now consumption will increase 2.77 times greater compared to the present rate of consumption. The above figure clearly shows that all the fossil fuel deposits will be totally consumed within 40 years. It is therefore expected that the price of fossil fuel will double or triple within ten years from now.

Burning 1,273 Gegatons of fossil fuel within the next 40 years is impossible because 3,819 Gegatons of Carbon Dioxide will be added into the Atmosphere to increase its concentration by 954 parts per million which is 2.5 times greater than its present concentration. The fossil fuel deposit will never be consumed because more than half of the world population will die in the event of full blast Global Warming if no adequate measure is implemented.

It is therefore recommended that all efforts including research and fund resources must be focused on the manufacture of Electric Cars and Batteries and to completely ban cars that runs on fossil fuel.

XII. REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS

12.1 LAST CHANCE FOR CHANGE
The Readers Digest Association Inc. has recently published a very informative reference book on Climatic Change which is entitled “GLOBAL WARMING” “The Last Chance For Change”. The 313 page book written by Paul Brown, an environment correspondent for the Guardian newspaper for 16 years and has worked in newspaper journalism for more than 40 years. He traveled extensively to investigate environment problems and has attended many international conferences on environmental matters including the earth summit on Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg.

The Last Chance for Change contains more than 300 colored pictures that covered almost everything you would want to know about every important issue in Global Warming. According to Engr. Cieleto P. Establicida who lends the said book to this Author it cost him more than P3, 500 but it is worth buying for those who can afford.

The most important piece of information that the Author of “Facts & Figures in Global Warming” learned from “Last Chance for Change” is the fact that the effect in the increase of CO2 in the Atmosphere is delayed by about 30 years. With this information, it revealed that it takes 30 years for greater solar radiation to change the temperature of the ocean which is at the average depth of 3,700 meters. By computation, it reveals that the average thickness of 33.77 Cm of the surface water in the ocean is affected by the additional intensity of solar radiation.

The same information led us to discover that the ocean is the sensitive component of the earth in matters of climate change because it is in the ocean where heat may be stored and made to accumulate and eventually change the prevailing temperature at the earth’s surface. The Carioles Effect that produces the Gulf Streams constitute the mechanism that allows the heated surface water being brought down below and into the depth of the ocean to actuate the heat storage processes.

The same piece of information also paved the way for us to discover that the ocean is the product of the Intelligent Design in the process of creation. Inherent in such design is its ability to absorb exactly 2,600,000 Calories per day per square meter from Solar Radiation near the equator and utilizes exactly the same amount of heat to evaporate 4,000 grams of sea water into the atmosphere per day. However it is so sensitive that putting more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human activities in industry will trap the heat and pass on such heat into the depth of the ocean.

Solar intensity differ at different Latitudes of the earth such that corresponding rate of evaporation in a given Latitude releases the amount of heat that is exactly equal to the amount of heat being absorbed by water in that part of the ocean. The water in every part of the ocean directly absorbs heat from the sun in the amount that is equal to the amount released when a given amount of water is evaporated. The earth was created in perfect equilibrium but mankind came to destroy it.


Sugar from sugar cane is presently priced at P30 per kilogram and upon fermentation only one half liter of ethyl alcohol can be produced. The resultant ethanol produced from cane sugar would have a material input in the amount of P60 per liter which makes it a bit prohibitive. The more economically feasible raw mater in the production of ethanol is cassava which has the present market price of P15 per kilogram and corn which has a market price of P12 per kilogram.

Solution to Global Warming (Part 19)

LOWER VOLUME YIELD VALUE IN
AGE DIAM M3 BDFT PESO/TREE
YEARS IN CM
41 102.4215 6.418933 1,604.73 P80,236
42 103.6476 6.630504 1,657.63 P82,881
43 104.8337 6.843312 1,710.83 P85,541
44 105.9811 7.040499 1,760.12 P88,006
45 107.0910 7.260751 1,815.18 P90,759
46 108.1647 7.465112 1,866.26 P93,314
47 109.2033 7.666345 1,916.58 P95,825
48 110.1981 7.862457 1,965.61 P98,289
49 111.1701 8.057227 2,014.31 P100,715
50 112.1103 8.248650 2,062.16 P103,108
51 113.0990 8.453214 2,113.30 P105,665
52 113.8992 8.621182 2,155.29 P107,764
53 114.7503 8.802224 2,200.56 P110,027
54 115.5737 8.979808 2,244.95 P112,247
55 116.3702 9.201411 2,300.35 P115,017
56 117.1407 9.324296 2,331.07 P116,554
57 117.8861 9.491153 2,372.79 P118,639
58 118.6071 9.654489 2,413.62 P120,681
59 119.3041 9.814086 2,453.52 P122,676
60 120.0000 9.975185 2,493.80 P124,689.


Loblolly Pine
The loblolly pine is the species most frequently grown for timber production in the southeastern United States. Its wood is fragrant and resinous and has a wide range of uses, such as for building material, pulpwood, and fuel. The name loblolly means "large mud puddle" in Native American dialect, referring to the fact that loblolly pines thrive in wet areas.
Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited


11.2.2 APPLIED TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC STRATEGIES:

1. Seeds planted seven days before new moon to enhance the rapid growth of the roots system at the initial stage and to avail 24 hour photosynthesis when the foliage system starts to develop.

2. Seeds must have undergone optimum drying before germination or planting to enhance vigorous growth of young sprouts.

3. Seeds must be poured with simmering hot water and subsequently submerged under warm water at 450C for 4 hrs and then drained and covered with wet towel for the succeeding 16 hours before planting.

4. Seedling planted in pots of black plastic bags duly filled with 20% sandy loam soil and 80% saw dust or equivalent organic porous materials.

5. Water that is enriched with Propagated Bacteria with chicken manure solution as medium shall be used in periodic watering of once or twice a week.

6. Watering of seedling shall be done only on one side at a time and alternately on the other side to avoid starvation of nutrients due to the absence or very limited osmosis when the liquid concentration at the rootlets is abruptly reduced.

7. Seedlings must be provided with eastside and west side sunlight block walling maintained at six inches over and above the topmost icon at all times in order to accelerate the increase of upward growth and to avoid sprouting and growth of new branches.

8. Transplanting sites must be prepared by boring holes at 40 Cm in depth and 30 Cm in diameter made 1.5 M apart. The excavated soil is mixed with shredded organic wastes before the same is returned in the bore hole.

9. Transplantation must be made when the seedlings are at between 1.5 M and 2.0 M in height.

10. The area for transplantation is best prepared by planting corn together with ipilipil at the interval of 20 Cm. apart for purposes of growing ipilipil much taller and with minimum stems and branches.. Corn can be harvested after four months when ipilipil reaches almost the same height. Ipilipil plants provide shade and avoid the sprouting of branches of Lauan or other desired species of Timber Trees when planted.


DEVELOPMENT COST
FOREST MODULE COMPONENTS
One Forest Module: 1,200 hectares.(3 Km x 4 Km)
Ifra-development / Open Space 200 hectares
Allocated to 200 Farmers 1,000 hectares
Number of Family Settlers 200

TOTAL CAPITAL INPUTS
1. Principal Budgetary Inputs P198,500,000.00
2. Lending For Livelihood P 10,000,000.00
3. Management Staff (1st Year) P 10,000,000.00
4. Contingency P 14,428,000.00
TOTAL P230,000,000.00

Budgetary Inputs in Forest Trees P230,000,000.00
Budget For Orchard Plantation P 20,000,000.00
TOTAL BUDGET P250,000.000.00/Forest Module

Area Allocation:
• Infra – structure 200 ha.
• Water impounding & fire baffler 50 ha.
• Rough road construction 30 ha.
• Module Barangay Plaza 50 ha.
• Institutional Structures 10 ha.
• Open Space 10 ha.
Total Area 200 ha.

Resettlement Area 1,000 ha.
• Number of Family Beneficiaries 200
• Area per Family 5 ha.

Family Lot Allocation
• 1.0 hectare shall be developed as farmland
• 1.0 hectare for orchard
• 3.0 hectares for timber tree plantation



Farmland Area Allocation (10,000.0 M2)

Home Lot (40 M x 50 M) 2,000 M2 Annual Net
Livelihood Net .Area Total Area Production
• Fish Pond 30 M2 50 M2 P 6,000.00
• Poultry Raising 30 M2 50 M2 P12,000.00
• Swine Raising 30 M2 50 M2 P12,000.00
• Goat Raising 200 M2 200 M2 P12,000.00
• Livestock 200 M2 250 M2 P14.000.00
• Vegetable Garden 80 M2 100 M2 P12,000.00
• Root Crop 200 M2 200 M2 P12,000.00
• Herbal Garden 50 M2 50 M2 -------------
• Cottage 30 M2 50 M2 -------------
Total 2,000 M2 P80,000.00

11.2.3 THE NEW APPROACHES

• This Project Proposal intends to undertake reforestation all over the country by modular approach whereby one Forest Module consists of 1,200 hectares and its beneficiary will involve 200 families for each Forest Module. The program is to allocate 200 hectares for infrastructures that includes dearth roads and artificial lakes of impounded water among others and the allocation of 5 hectares for each of the 200 families or forest farm settlers. Forest farm will comprise of 60% of the allotted area for forest product because one hectare is for homestead and another hectare for orchard.

• The program is geared towards giving the Forest Farm Settlers the biggest share in the proceed from the forest farm and provide them the opportunity not just to economically survive but to enrich them and make them afford the luxury of life and best education for their children.

• The investors who will be allotted a share of 35% of the net proceed from timber tree plantation as well as in orchard plantation are expected to earn an income equivalent to 28.0% of the invested amount annually which would sum up to 640 times or 64,000 % in every cycle of 60 years.

• It is proposed the that sharing in the net proceed from one Farm Lot of 5 hectares with 3 hectares planted with tree shall be as follows:

Forest farm settler 40.0 % P184,288,398
Investors 35.0 % P161,252,349
Government (Taxes) 20.0 % P92,144,199
Forest Management Team 3.0 % P13,821,629
Capital Formation Investment Corporation 2.0.0 % P 9,214,420
Total 100.0 % P460,720,997.00

INCOME PER FAMILY LOT OF FIVE HECTARES
Timber 3.0 hectares 60 year cycle P433,064,317
Orchard 1.0 hectare 60 year cycle P108,660,079
Farm 1.0 hectare (Family Farm) ---------------
Total P541,724,396
Less Expenses P 81,003,398
Net Proceed P 460,720,997

The projected income of P320.0352 Million for every cycle of 60 years or the equivalent annual earning of P5.334 Million a year for every family that will settle in the forest is more than ten times the wages of a domestic who reportedly work for16 hours a day in foreign lands.

PROCEED FROM ONE FOREST MODULE OF 1,200 HECTARES
Forest farmer (200) 40.0% P43,337,951,680
Investors 35.0 % P 37,920,707,720
Government (Taxes) 20.0 % P 21,668,975,840
Forest Management Team 3.0 % P 3,250,346,376
Capital Formation Investment Corporation 2.0 % P 2,166,897,584
Total 100.0 % P108,344,879,200

Timber P 86,612,863,400 79.94 %
Orchard P 21,732,015,800 20.06. %
Total P108,344,879,200 100.00 %

The projected income of the investors in this Proposed Project that utilizes the latest “State Of The Art” of science and technology in Timber Tree farming, amounts to P68.10216 Billion in every cycle of 60 years or the equivalent earning of P1.135036 Billion a year. Investing P300 million in every Forest module and realizing a total income of 68.10216 Billion in 60 years would realize a profit that is 227 times the amount invested. The Investor’s annual income which is 3.783 times greater than the amount he initially invested, is a business venture that would not encounter any difficulty in sourcing for capital investment.

For the government to earn P38.91552 Billion from 1,200 hectares in every cycle of 60 years or the amount of P540,493 in taxes per hectare per year is the best approach in nation building considering that the said piece of land is at present denuded and idle one.
The Projected Schedule of cutting and harvesting the timber is distributed into four phases which is on the 10th year, 21st year, 40th year and 60th year for the first Batch of plantation which will be harvested by 50 %, 25%, 12.5% and 12.5% respectively in order to optimize the utilization of space. It shall be noted that there is a need to replant for the Second Batch the open space that would left vacant during the harvest of the First Batch and a need to replant for the Third Batch and so on

11.2.4 HARVESTING AND REPLENISHMENT

SUMMARY OF HARVEST
PER FARM LOT OF 5 HECTATES
WITH 3 HECTARES PLANTED WITH TIMBER TREES

FIRST BATCH (7,500 trees planted on 3.0 hectares)
HARVEST AGE OF NO. OF YIELD PER AMOUNT
PERIOD TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
First 15 3,750 P 12,149.00 P45,558,750
Second 30 1,875 P P49,325 P92,484,375
Third 45 937 P90,759 P85,041,183
Fourth 60 468 P124,689 P58,354,452
TOTAL 7,030 P281,438,760

SECOND BATCH (3,750 trees planted on 1.5 hectares )
AGE OF NO. OF YIELD PER AMOUNT
YEAR TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
30th 15 1,875 P12,149 P22,779,375
45th 30 937 P49,325 P46,217,525
60TH 45 468 P90,759 P42,475,212
TOTAL 3,280 P111,472,112

THIRD BATCH (1,875 trees planted on 0.75 hectares)
AGE OF NO. OF YIELD PER AMOUNT
YEAR TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
45th 10 937 P12,149 P11,383,613
60TH 21 468 P49,325 P23,084,100
TOTAL 1,405 P34,467,713

FOURTH BATCH (937 trees planted on 0.375 hectares)
AGE OF NO. OF PRICE PER AMOUNT
YEAR TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
45TH 10 468 P12,149 P5,685,732
TOTAL 468 P5,685,732


CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF HARVEST

YEAR 15TH 30TH 45TH 60TH TOTAL
1ST BATCH P45,558,750 P92,484,375 P85,041,183 P58,354,452 P281,438,760
2ND BATCH --------------- P22,779,375 P46,217,525 P42,475,212 P111,472,112
3RD BATCH --------------- --------------- P11,383,613 P23,084,100 P 34,467,713
4TH BATCH --------------- --------------- ---------------- P5,685,732 P 5,685,732
TOTAL P45,558,750 P115,263,750 P142,642,321 P129,599,496 P433,064,317

Average Income per year P7,217,738.62/Family Settler
Average Income per hectare per year P2,405,912.87


Forest Yield in 60 Year Cycle P433,064,317
Yield of Orchard in 60 Year Cycle P108,660,079
Total Yield/Family Lot of 5 Ha./60 yr, P541,724,396

Yield Per Module of 1,200 hectare P541,724,396 (200 Families)
P108,886,603,596

Available Forest Area in the Philippines 15,000,000 hectares
Number of Forest Module 12,500
Yield in 60 Year Cycle 12,500 (P108,886,603,596)
P1,361,082,544,950,000
Proceed/Year P1,361,082,544,950,000/60 years
P22,684,709,082,500


PER CAPITA INCOME FOR 100 MILLION FILIPINOS IN YEAR 2070
PCI P13,610,825
AVERAGE ANNUAL PCI P226,847


LAND & INFRA-STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

SURVEY AND MAPPING IN ONE FOREST MODULE OF 1,200 HA.
The entire area covered in one Forest Module needs to be subdivided and mapped,
primarily a topographic map that will define the locations of contour lakes, dearth road
alignment, timber tree plantation, orchard plantation and settlers farm lot.

The resultant survey and mapping will identify and define the property boundaries of individual lots allotted for each of the 200 settlers in one Forest Module.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P2.0 MILLION

LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
The entire area of 1,200 hectares covered by one Forest Module shall be soil sampled for analysis as to fertility, pH range, slope percentage, hygroscopic capacity and plasticity, porosity, organic content, sand and rock size distribution.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P6.5 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL CONTOUR LAKE
For every distance of 250 meters downstream, a contour lake with an average width of 3 meters and a depth of 1.5 meters will be constructed to be utilized both as fish pond and source for watering the plants during the dry season. One forest module is estimated to have a total water impounding volume of 216,000 M3 and with the development cost of P100.00/M3 meter, would require a budget that amounts to P21.6 million. Engineering Design must carefully consider the possibility of landslide accident. To include the construction of mini-dams in creeks the budget is estimated at P25 million.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P25 MILLION

PLANT WATERING PIPE LINES
Water lines connected to Contour Lakes will consist 500 M of one inch diameter PE pipes and five units of 100 M of one half inch diameter hose. The budget would be P25,000 per farm lot or the total amount of P5,000,000 for the entire Forest Module.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P5 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS DEARTH ROAD NETWORKS
A dearth road with a width of 4 meters shall be constructed to a total length of 24 kilometers for each and every Forest Module. A side strip of another 4 meters and a length of 10 meters will be constructed at the interval of 200 meters apart. The dearth road would be a snake shape along the side of the mountain constructed at the average distance of 500 meters apart. At the construction cost of P500.00 per meter the estimated cost of construction amounts to P12 million. To include the construction of culverts and some ripraps the budget is estimated to a total of P15 million.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P15 MILLION

ELECTRIC POWER LINES
Whenever possible, Electric Power lines shall be installed to 50 clusters of houses at four families per cluster. The total area of 4 km x 3 km per Forest Module would require a Transmission Line of approximately 50 km. At the unit cost of P100 per meter the estimated budget amounts to P5 million including 2 units of transformer.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: 5 MILLION

POTABLE SOURCE OF WATER
Each of the 50 clusters of houses shall allotted a budget of P200,000.00 for a total budget of P10 million in developing source of potable water from the different alternatives such as:
• Spring water development
• Deep Well boring & Construction
• Construction of Water Filtering Device
ESTIMATED BUDGET: 10 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF DWELLING COTTAGES
Each of the 200 farm settlers shall be allocated a budget of P25,000 each for the construction of dwelling cottages. The total allocated budget would amount to P5 million.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: 5 MIILION

MANAGEMENT INFRA-STRUCTURES
• Administration Building P 5 million
• Function Hall P 3 million
• Guest House P 2 million
• Motor Pool & Parking Shed P1 million
• Executive Quarters P3 million
• Worker Quarters P 2 million
• Kitchen & Dining Hall P 1 million
• Ware House P 2 million
• Laboratory P 1 million
• Clinic P 1 million
• Others P 4 million
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P25 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL HOUSES
• School Rooms 6 units P1.8 million
• Fences & Facilities P0.2 million
ESTIMATED BUDGET P2.0 MILLION

FISH SPAWNING NURSERY
1,200 M2 P1,000 P1.2 million
First year maintenance P0.3 million
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P1.5 MILLION

SUMMARY
SURVEY & MAPPING P 2,000,000.00
LAND SUITABILITY MAPPING P 6.500,000.00
ARTIFICIAL CONTOUR LAKES P25,000,000.00
DEARTH ROAD P15,000,000.00
CONTOUR CANALS P 6,000,000,00
PLANT WATERING PIPES P 5,000,000,00
ELECTRIC POWER LINE P 5,000,000.00
POTABLE WATE SUPPY P10,000,000.00
DWELLING COTTAGES P 5,000,000.00
ADMIN. INFRASTUCTURES P25,000,000.00
CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL P 2,000,000.00
FISH SPAWNING NURSERY P 1,500,000.00
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT NURSERIES P10,500,000.00
SOIL TILLING & CULTIVATION P 6,000,000.00
IPILIPIL & CORN SEEDS P 9,000,000.00
PLANTING OF SEEDLINGS P12,000,000.00
TRANSOPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS P24,000,000.00
CACAO & TIMBER TREE SEEDS P 6,000,000.00
LOAN TO FARM WORKERS P 7,200,000.00
ADMINISTRATIVE OPERATIONS (10 Years} P18,000,000.00
ENG’G DESIGN & FEASIBILITY STUDY P 3,600,000.00
CONTINGENSIES P 2,700,000.00
TOTAL P210,000,000.00

P210,000,000.00
DEVELOPMENT COST = --------------- = P175,000.00/Hectare
1,200 Ha.

P210,000,000.00
DEVELOPMENT COST = -------------------- = P1,050,000/Lot
200 Lots

Projected income from the sale of firewood and fruit yield will be channeled to finance the planting of trees for the maintenance of the operations and planting of seeds and transplanting of the seedlings trees for the succeeding batch that will take place 15 years thereafter.

BATCH EXPENSES SECOND THIRD FOURTH: TOTAL
1. Seedling Preparation P 6,000,000 P3,000,000 P1,500,000 P10,500,000
2. Soil Tilling & Cultivation P 3,000,000 P1,500,000 P 750,000 P 5,250,000
3. Seedling Transplanting P12,000,000 P6,000,000 P3,000,000 P21,000,000
4. Canal Retouch P 3,000,000 P3,000,000 P3,000,000 P 9,000,000
TOTAL P24,000,000 P13,500,000 P8,250,000 P45,750,000

Initial Investment = P 210,000,000
Management Expenses ( 60 Years P1,800,000) = P 108,000,000
Replanting & Maintenance (P45,750,000 (2) ) = P 91,500,000
Harvesting & Hauling Expense (15%) (P108,886,603,596) = P16,332,990,539
Total = P16,742,490,539

Percent Expense = P16,742,490,539 / P108,886,603,596 (100)
= 15.376 %

Net Proceeds = P108,886,603,596 (84.624%)
= P 92,144,199,427

Net Proceed/ Lot = P 92,144,199,427/200
= P 460,720,997


CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTERING CAPACITY OF GREEN IMAGERY PROJECT
LOWER UPPER TIMBER VOLUME PERCENT
AGE DIAM DIAM. LENGTH CUBIC ANNUAL
YEARS IN CM IN CM METERS METERS INCREASE

15 50.9795 20.3918 9.7175 0.971922 17.261
14 47.9762 19.1905 9.3571 0.828856 19.056

30 85.8727 34.3491 13.9047 3.946006 6.063
29 84.0470 33.6168 13.6856 3.720439 6.409

45 107.0910 42.8364 16.4509 7.260751 3.128
44 105.9811 42.3924 16.3093 7.040499 2.881

60 120.0000 48.0000 18.0000 9.975185 1.641
59 119.3041 47.7216 17.9165 9.814086 1.653

15 years old 62.670938 Gm/M2/day
30 years old 49.405504 Gm/M2/day At 14 -15 years of age, the increase in volume is 0.143066 M3 or 391.693361 Gram per day per 6.25 M2.which is 62.670938 Gm/M2/day; computed at the specific gravity of 1.0. At age 15, 50% of Timber Tree Plantation will be harvested and each of the remaining trees will have available sunshine of 12.5 M2.Computation shows that the rate of growth at 29 to 30 years of age the tree grows by as much as 49.405504 Gm/M2/day.

At age 44 -45 years, 50% of the existing trees is harvested leaving all the big trees to five meters apart from each other resulting to a growth rate of 24.120684 Gm/M2/day. It will be observed that while the 45 year old trees grows at the rate of 24.120684 Gm/M2/day only there are trees that are 30 years old below it and under the 30 year old trees there are trees that are 15 years of age. At this stage of development, the total vegetative growth would be:

45 years old 24.120684 Gm/M2/day
Total 136.197126 Gm/M2/day

Km2 Growth = 136.197126 Gm/M2/day (106)/1,000,000
= 136.197126 Tons/Km2/day

Take note that what is accounted in the above illustration is lumber component of the trunk of the trees. To account for the total bulk of the trees, the following is presented:
Tree trunks = 136.197126 Tons/Km2/day
Branches & Stems“20 %” = 27.2394252 Tons/Km2/day
Leaves existing”5 %” = 6.8098563 Tons/Km2/day
Fallen leaves “75 %” = 102.1478445 Tons/Km2/day
Total = 272.394252 Tons/Km2/day
= 272.394252 Gm/M2/day

It is shown that the Carbon Dioxide sequestering capacity of Green Imagery Project at 272.394252 Gm/M2/day is more than five times that of the rice or corn plantation and even more than nine times the average existing forest growth. At 40% moisture content the amount of .pure organic component is:

Organic Component = 272.394252 Tons/Km2/day (0.60)
= 163.4365512 Tons/Km2/day
= 59,695.2003258 Tons/Km2/year



342 384 528 198
C12H22O11 + 12 O2 = 12 CO2 + 11 H2O

C12 = 144 528
H22 = 22 CO2 = --------- (9.0 Gm) = 1.3895 Gm
O11 = 176 342
Total 342

Based on the above equation and computation every kilogram of organic matter on dry basis that is formed would sequester 1,3895 kilograms of Carbon Dioxide. Therefore the Carbon Dioxide sequestering capacity of the Green Imagery Project upon reaching 45 years would be 82,946.480853 tons per Km2 per year. To plant a target of 4 million square kilometers all over the world, the CO2 that can be sequestered would be 331.785923 gegatons per year.

Since that 1 ppm of the atmosphere is equal to 4.141733 billion tons, the amount of CO2 that can be sequestered per year would be equivalent to:

331.785923 gegatons per year
Ppm = ----------------------------------- = 80.10 ppm/year.
4.141733 billion tons

With this data and the technology that we will be using, our target may be reduced from four million square kilometers to just one million square kilometers.



11.3 METHANE ELIMINATION PROJECT

The science community in all parts of the world claims that the adverse effect of methane to the environment is 21 times that of Carbon Dioxide. They further claim that it would it would take about ten years before methane can be eliminated from the Atmosphere by natural process. The worse thing with Methane is that it does not only absorb heat in the same manner as the CO2 but it also destroys the Ozone Layer.

Today, there is about 49.3 billion tons of Methane in the Atmosphere. Methane is the main component of Liquid Petroleum Gas “LPG” comprising about 80%. At the present market price of P50/kg the total Methane in the Atmosphere amounts to P2.4 quadrillion or $54 Trillion which is six times greater than the Gross National Product of the United States.

The chief source of Methane in the atmosphere is the product of fermentation of agricultural wastes, decaying solid waste or garbage, septic tank in every household, fermentation of animal waste and farthing of horses and cows. The load Methane in the Atmosphere is approximately 10.6 ppm which 2.82 % of the total Carbon Dioxide but its adverse effect to enhance Global Warming is about 60% as much as Carbon Dioxide.

Most environmentalist focus their attention to Carbon Dioxide but within the next 20 years the effect of methane would be as much if not greater than CO2. It has been observed that the rapid increase in population that correspondingly produces all types of waste is the main factor that accelerates the Methane deposit in the Atmosphere. In recent years, Methane increased by 151% from 0.701986 ppm in 1750 to 1.761986 ppm. in 2005 by virtue of rapid increase of population and industrialization. During the last 255 years, about 4.39 billion tons of methane has been added into the density of methane in the atmosphere.

To minimize annual methane deposit into the Atmosphere, this Author conducted special studies about methane and came up with the process on how to contain the production of methane gas. The solution is contained in a Feasibility Study on the Manufacture of fertilizer out of organic waste with the use of cultured and propagated bacteria. To facilitate the propagation and reaction of bacteria on solid waste, there is a need to heat the substrate and to maintain its temperature at 42 0C. The methane produced within the digester is being fired to produce heat so that no methane escapes and be deposited into the Atmosphere.

Burning a ton of Methane will produce 2.75 tons of Carbon Dioxide but if the adverse effect of Methane is 21 times greater than CO2, we tend to reduce the total effect by as much as 6.636 times if we burn methane. The said Feasibility Study was submitted to Madam Emilita Kare, the former Mayor of Malinao, Albay in the Bicol Region of the Philippines sometime in the middle of October 2007.

The recommended method of manufacture is safe to the environment because the air within the processing plant is utilized in burning methane gas and made to pass through heat exchangers before releasing into the atmosphere.
The bulk of the resultant heat recovered in burning methane is utilized in optimum drying of organic wastes before applying the liquid inoculant to allow the bacteria get into the inner pores of organic wastes and therefore hasten the reaction inside the digesters.

Part of the heat recovered is utilized in heating the water being feed into the hydro-pulping tanks.

MATERIAL COMPONENT OF INOCULATING MEDIUM
Ingreients Quantity Unit Cost Total
• Chicken Manure 2,000 kg P 4.00 P8,000.00
• Enzyme 2 kg P200.00 P 400.00
• Seaweeds 4 kg P 20 P 80.00
• Ammonium Sulfate 4 kg P 20 P 80.00
• Condensed Milk 10 Cans P 25 P 250.00
• Sugar 4 kg P 30 P 120.00
• Recycled Stock 2,000 kg ---------- ------------
Total per Tank 4,017 kg P8,930.00


- This project undertaking is designed to protect the environment by getting rid of the expected emission of 40 tons or 61,500 M3 of methane that would otherwise be deposited into the atmosphere annually. This amount of methane that will spare the environment of supposedly added pollutants is equivalent to the damaging effect of 840 tons or 469,930 M3 of carbon dioxide annually.

- In addition to providing a venue to spare the environment of the supposedly huge methane deposit into the atmosphere annually, it would likewise spare the environment of 19,761 tons 110.55 cubic kilometers of carbon dioxide had garbage been burned as what traditionally happen. To include saving the environment from methane gas that is equivalent to the destructive effects of 840 tons or 469,930 M3 of carbon dioxide, the total effects by which the environment will be spared amounts to 20,601 tons or 111.01 Km3 of carbon dioxide.


• EXPECTED “GHG” EMISSION REDUCTION

- The burning of 40 tons of methane that is recovered annually which is worth P1.6 million to dry the material requirement of the plant, will actually emit 110 tons of carbon dioxide but saving the environment of methane emission into the atmosphere by the equivalent of 840 tons of carbon dioxide would translate into a net savings of Credit Emission Reduction equal to 730 tons of CO2 annually.

- The above savings that is equivalent to 730 tons of carbon dioxide emission does not include 19,761 tons of carbon dioxide that would have been produced and deposited into the atmosphere had garbage or solid waste been burned as traditionally done. The whole scheme of environmental protection would actually save the environment at the net Credit Emission Reductions “CERs” of 20,491 tons of carbon dioxide emission annually.

- At $3.00 per ton that may be extended by the host country which could most likely be Japan or the United States, it will generate added income of $61,473. Subtracting the membership fee of $20,000 U.S. Dollars, it would deliver a net additional income of $41,473 which amounts to Php1,888,285 at Php 45.00 exchange rate to a U.S.dollar.

- The application and processing of papers over the claim CER’s from the United Nation solicit the services of the Japanese firm registered under the name Mitsubishi UFG Securities Co. Ltd. with official address at 2-4-1 Marunauchi, Chiyoda-ku , Tokyo 100-6317, Japan.

-
PROJECT OBJECTIVE

• The five main objectives of this project undertaking are:

- To engage in a highly viable economic endeavor within the framework of sustainable development and at the same time help mitigate if not completely solve the problem of garbage disposal in the municipality of Malinao in the province of Albay and neighboring communities.

- To provide solution to the common and existing undesirable practices within the community as well as that of the entire country to burn organic waste that adds carbon dioxide and other Green House Gases “GHG” into the atmosphere.

- To convert organic wastes contained in the disposed garbage into organic fertilizer utilizing the latest “State Of The Art” in science and technology in enzymatic and bacterial propagation and subsequent used as inoculating medium in the method of processing as a means to increase the economic viability of the project and at the same time augment the productive capacity of the farmers.

- To provide a means by which the pollutant effect and consequences of solid waste including the emission of methane is completely contained in the method of the processing employed and instead of allowing the resultant methane accumulates into the atmosphere more methane is produced and burned to generate heat and be utilized in optimally drying the raw materials before subsequent manufacturing processes.

- To allow maximum production of methane and consequently burned as a means to reduce the possible methane emission when applied into the soil as fertilizer because the easily convertible component of solid waste into methane has been made to proceed exhaustively.


METHANE SEQUESTRATION PROJECT

It is proposed that Investigative Research be conducted to determine if METHANE gases present in the Atmosphere will react with Calcium Hydroxide to produce Calcium Carbonate and Water as shown in the following Chemical Reaction:

CaO + H2O + = Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 + CH4 + 2O2 = CaCO3 + 3H2O

The rate by which the reaction proceed must be studied and the result will used to determine if CaO or lime powder could be used in seeding to induce precipitation for rainmaking. If this is possible, we can induce the precipitation of clouds into rain and at the same time sequester methane from the Atmosphere.

We would be wondering why plenty of CaCO3 are found being deposited in many parts of the world but we do not seemingly care how Carbon atom happened to enter into the reaction. Therefore this experiment is worth trying.


11.4 ARGON EXTRACTION PROJECT



Specific Heats of Some Common Substances
Specific heat measures the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Centigrade degree. Water has a particularly high specific heat, which means that more heat must be added to water than to most other substances to raise its temperature. It takes very little heat to raise the temperature of gold.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


The heat capacity of Argon is 20,000 Joules/Mole-K at 250C
Atomic Weight of Argon = 39.948
One Mole of Argon = 20 J/ 4.18 = 4.784.668995 Calories/Mole
Sp. Heat = 4.784 Cal/ 39.948 = 0 .119772929 Call/Gm. At 25 0C

Of all the Green House Gases, the most viable component that may be extracted from the Atmosphere is Argon by virtue of the fact that Argon is the third most abundant component of the Atmosphere and plus the fact that its amount is practically constant. Argon, which is the product of the decay of radio-active isotope of potassium, could only escape into the atmosphere in case of volcanic eruptions.

PROPERTIES Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Atomic Number 2 10 18 36 54 86
Atomic Weight 4.002602 20.179 39.948 83.80 131.29 222.20
Density “Air” 0.1370 0.3557 1.38 3.708 4.22 9.97
Melting Point -272 0C - 249 0C -189 0C -157 0C -112 0C -71 0C
Boiling Point -270 0C - 246 0C -187 0C -153 0C -107 0C - 62 0C
Specific Heat ------- -------- 0.124318 ---------- ---------- --------
Ppm 2.4154 0.0176 14,000.0000 100.0000 50.0000 1.0000

The overall effect of Argon in retaining heat which is contributory to Global Warming remains at 30% that of Carbon dioxide. The significant advantage of extracting Argon is that it whatever amount of Argon is removed; it does not go back into the atmosphere. The process of Argon extraction is a bit expensive but the process may be optimized with the employment of heat exchangers in the process.


PROPERTIES Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Atomic Number 2 10 18 36 54 86
Atomic Weight 4.002602 20.179 39.948 83.80 131.29 222.20
Density “Air” 0.1370 0.3557 1.38 3.708 4.22 9.97
Melting Point -272 0C - 249 0C -189 0C -157 0C -112 0C -71 0C
Boiling Point -270 0C - 246 0C -187 0C -153 0C -107 0C - 62 0C
Specific Heat ------- -------- 0.124318 ---------- ---------- --------
Ppm 2.4154 0.0176 14,000.0000 100.0000 50.0000 1.0000

The process of extracting Argon from air consists of a series of cooling by means of a vacuum pump until the temperature below its boiling point is attained. Since that the boiling point of Argon is -187 0C or 86 0K, Argon’s boiling point is higher than that of Nitrogen and Oxygen which boiling points are -196 0C and -218 0C respectively. When Argon reached its liquefaction temperature, oxygen and nitrogen gases may be released from the confined vessel leaving behind Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon in their liquid form.

Liquified inert gases to include Argon may be collected in a duly sealed metallic container and buried under the ground. It will stay there for hundreds of years.

To liquefy Argon all component of the Atmosphere needs to be subjected to cooling to about -200 0C To cool atmospheric gases down to this temperature, there is a need to remove 50 calories for every gram. Since that Argon constitutes but 1.4 % of air, to extract a gram of Argon about 3,572 Calories is needed. The heat content in a liter of gasoline can extract no more than 2,384 grams of Argon.
11.5 OCEAN WATER FERTILIZATION PROJECT

BIOELEMENT COMPOSITION OF ORGANISMS AND LITHOSPHERE IN
PERCENTAGES

Mammals Gymnosperms Lithosphere

Oxygen 62.430 Carbon 53.960 Oxygen 47.33
Carbon 21.150 Oxygen 38.650 Silicone 27.74
Hydrogen 9.860 Hydrogen 6.180 Aluminum 7.85
Nitrogen 3.100 Aluminum 0.065 Iron 4.50
Calcium 1.900 Silicon 0.057 Calcium 3.47
Phosphorus 0.950 Sulfur 0.052 Sodium 2.46
Potassium 0.230 Iron 0.030 Potassium 2.46
Sulfur 0.160 Nitrogen 0.030 Magnesium 2.24
Chlorine 0.080 Calcium 0.007 Titanium 0.46
Sodium 0.080 Potassium 0.006 Hydrogen 0.22
Magnesium 0.027 Phosphorus 0.005 Carbon 0.19
Iodine 0.014 Magnesium 0.003 Phosphorus 0.12
Fluorine 0.009 Chlorine 0.002 Sulfur 0.12
Iron 0.005 Sodium 0.001 Manganese 0.08
Bromine 0.002 Fluorine 0.001 Barium 0.08
Aluminum 0.001 Manganese 0.001 Fluorine 0.07
Silicon 0.001 --------- -------- Chlorine 0.06
Manganese 0.001 --------- -------- Copper 0.03
---------- --------- --------- -------- Nitrogen 0.02
---------- --------- --------- -------- Strontium 0.02
Others Traces Traces --------- Others 0.48

TOTAL 100.000% 100.000% 100.00%

Before we make any attempt to find ways and means to enhance the Carbon Dioxide sequestering ability of the ocean we must be reminded first that the ocean was created in accordance with the Intelligent Design. Next we will discover that the ecosystem in the ocean is well balanced and continues to maintain equilibrium within its own sphere of influence. Now, since mankind instituted a change for its interest and survival, we are in a way obligated to provide remedial measures.

We may start looking at the ocean in terms of ecological balance. The surface water as we have explored contains dissolve gases that are seemingly so small in quantity but these are optimum values for botanical and zoological ecosystem in the ocean. I contains 18 ppm of Carbon Dioxide by volume to nourish the plants and at the same time it likewise contain about 18 ppm of Dissolved Oxygen by volume to nourish the zoological inhabitants. The concentration of 18 ppm by volume of Carbon dioxide is equivalent to 0.0647819 ppm by weight at 2.0 Atmospheric Pressure. On the Other hand.18 ppm of Oxygen by volume is equivalent to 0.04711409 by weight at 2 Atmospheric Pressure.