Solution to Global Warming (Part 8)

3.3.5 SOLAR RADIATION ON EARTH’S SURFACE AREA PER SECTION OF 50 LATITUDE

REVISED COMPUTATION

LATITUDE SECTION AREA INTENSITY Cal./M2/Hr Km3 Gasoline
00 – 050 22,145,271.1095 Km2 0.998097349040 1,001,990.4038 22.94457301 Km3
050 – 100 21,809,729.3824 Km2 0.990501225552 994,364.6518 22.42494421 Km3
100 – 150 21,149,755.1153 Km2 0.97.5366789656 979,171.1813 21.41407814 Km3
150 – 20 0 20,182,795.4802 Km2 0.952809223495 956,525.6030 19.96242675 Km3
200 – 250 18,939,696.2134 Km2 0.923000203911 926,600.3441 18.14683469 Km3
250 – 300 17,458,228.1561 Km2 0.886166595411 889,623.0669 16.05985490 Km3
300 – 350 15,783,405.0007 Km2 0.842588724037 845,875.2211 13.80519103 Km3
350 – 400 13,966,115.3116 Km2 0.792598243703 795,689.7541 11.49092014 Km3
400 – 450 12,061,576.7750 Km2 0.736575612153 739,448.6077 9.22247524 Km3
450 – 500 10,127,657.5739 Km2 0.674947195437 677,579.8108 6.15519826 Km3
500 – 550 8,495,758.4823 Km2 0.608182023019. 610,554.2224 5.36366708 Km3
550 – 600 6,408,042.8971 Km2 0.536788218176 538,881.8477 3.57070836 Km3
600 – 650 4,731,006.3528 Km2 0.461309130870. 463,108.4561 2.26553960 Km3
650 – 700 3,249,093.8068 Km2 0.382319202533 383,810.4294 1.28947948 Km3
700 – 750 2,006,438.8359 Km2 0.300419594214 301,591.3736 0.54277198 Km3
750 – 800 1.010,836.0902 Km2 . 0.213233611385 214,065.3239 0.22374970 Km3
800 – 850 378,037.8357 Km2 0.130401960207 130,910.5899 0.05117352 Km3
850 – 900 42,218.3682 Km2 0.043577871374 43,747.8458 0.00190982 Km3
TOTAL 199,945,662.8066 Km2 11.448900415966 11,036,740.7334 180.16692100 Km3


(1,001,990.4038) (106) )22,145,271.1095 Km2)
Km3 = --------------------------------------------------------) ((24) (0.3183098861)
8,517,042 (1012)

= (2.60528821 Km3) (24) (0.3183098861)
= 19.90293584 Km3

The above data is limited to half of the great sphere and therefore to obtain the total heat radiation, 180.166921 Km3 is multiplied by 2.0 to obtain the total which is 360.333842 Km3 of Gasoline/day. The discrepancy due interpolations appears so large and we remedy the figure by ratio and proportion.

With the above tabulation you would know how solar radiation you have in your area.

AREA OF EARTRH’S SECTION DEFINED BY 50 LATITUDE

40,008.37408584 Km
WIDTH (00 - 50 LAT). = (--------------------------) (50) = 555.6718623036 Km
360 Degrees

(1–Cos850 (40,008.37408584 Km) + (40,008.37408584 Km
LENGTH (00 - 50 LAT). = ----------------------------------------------------------------
2
= 38,264,8943060512 Km

AREA:SECTION (00 - 50 LAT) = 38,264.8943060512 Km (555.6718623036 Km
= 21,262,725.079894 Km2
= 360.333842 Km3 of Gasoline/day
3.4 DAYTIME IN MARCH AT THE EQUATOR
TIME RANGE SOLAR INCL. CALORIES/M2 ACCUMULATED
6:00 AM. - 6:20 AM 000 - 050 636.690733 636.690733
6:20 AM - 6;40 AM 050 -100 3,178.608063 3,815.298793
6:40 AM – 7:00 AM 100 - 150 8,242.763867 12,058.062660
7:00 AM – 7:20 AM 150 - 200 15,791.614320 27,849.676980
7:20 AM.– 7:40 AM 200 - 250 25,766.710643 53,616.387623
7:40 AM – 8:00 AM 250 - 300 38,092.469684 91,708.855914
8:00 AM.– 8:20 AM 300 - 350 52,675.084825 144,383.940739
8:20 AM – 8:40 AM 350 - 400 69,403.573956 213,787.514695
8:40 AM – 9:00 AM 400 - 450 88,150.622783 301,938.137478
9;00 AM – 9:20 AM 450 - 500 108,773.551742 410.711.689220
9:20 AM – 9:40 AM 500 - 550 131,115.414532 541,827.103752.
9:40 AM – 10:00 AM 550 - 600 155,006.176087 696,833.279839
10:00 AM – 10;20 AM 600 - 650 180,264.006637 877,097.286476
10:20 AM – 10:40 AM 650 - 700 206,696.982185 1,083,794.268671
10:40 AM – 11:00 AM 700 - 750 234,103.034123 1,317,897.302794
11:00 AM – 11:20 AM 750 - 800 262,274.483535 1,580,171.786329
11;20 AM – 11:40 AM 800 - 850 290,996.628692 1,871,168.415021
11:40 AM – 12:00 N 850 - 900 320,050.921728 2,191,219.336749
12:00 N - 12:20 PM 90 – 95 320,050.921728 2,511,270.258477
12:20 PM – 12:40 PM 95 – 100 290,996.628692 2,802,266.887169
12:40 PM – 1:00 PM 100 – 105 262,274.483535 3,064.541.370704
1:00 PM – 1:20 PM 105 – 110 234,103.034123 3,298,644.404827
1:20 PM – 1:40 PM 110 – 115 206,696.982185 3,505,341.387012
1:40 PM – 2:00 PM 115 – 120 180,264.006637 3,685,605.393689
2:00 PM – 2:20 PM 120 – 125 155,006.176087 3,840,611.569776
2:20 PM – 2:40 PM 125 – 130 131,115.414532 3,971,726.984308
2:40 PM – 3:00 PM 130 – 135 108,773.551742 4,080,500.536050
3:00 PM – 3:20 PM 135 – 140 88,150.622783 4,168,651.158833
3:20 PM – 3:40 PM 140 – 145 69,403.573956 4,238,054.732789
3.40 PM – 4:00 PM 145 – 150 52,675.084825 4,290,279.817614
4:00 PM – 4:20 PM 150 – 155 38,092.469684 4,328,822,287298
4:20 PM – 4:40 PM 155 – 160 25,766.710643 4,354,588.997941
4:40 PM – 5;00 PM 160 – 165 15,791.614320 4,370,380.612261
5:00 PM – 5:20 PM 165 – 170 8,242.763867 4,378,623.376128
5:20 PM – 5:40 PM 170 – 175 3,178.608063 4,381,801.984191
5:40 PM – 6:00 PM 175 – 180 636.690733 4,381,801.984191
Total 4,381,801.984191 4,381,801.984191

Total Solar Radiation = (400,167,549.924 Km2 x 106M2) (4,381,801.984191Cal/M2) (2)
= 1,753454964265834251251 x 1021(2)
:
3.506909928531668502502 (1.0 x 1021)
Km3 of Gasoline = ------------------------------------------------( 0.875123)
8,517,042 Cal/liter x 1012 Liter/Km3
= 411.752098 / (0.874312)
= 360.333842 Km3

3.5 ACCUMULATED HEAT ABSORPTION DURING DAYTIME, WHICH IS BEING RELEASED DURING NIGHTTIME.

REFERENCE: (50 KM RADIUS FROM QUEZON CITY CIRCLE “787 KM2”)

A. Concrete Pavements & Walls
Atmosphere: 4,975,110 Cal/M2/day,
Ground Pavement: 1,800,000 Cal/M2/day,
Total 6,775,110 Cal/M2/day 12.0% 813,013.20

B. Ground Soil
Atmosphere 4,975,110 Cal/M2/day,
Bare Soil: 1,500,000 Cal/M2/day,
Total 6,475,110 Cal/M2/day, 4.0% 259.004.40

C. Salt Pond/Lakes/ Sea Water
Atmosphere 4,975,110 Cal/M2/day,
Water: 1,200,000 Cal/M2/day,
Total 6,175,110 Cal/M2/day 40.2% 470,044.00

Galvanized Sheet Roof Top
Atmosphere: 4,975,110 Cal/M2/day,
Water: 200,000 Cal/M2/day,
Total 5,175,110 Cal/M2/day 38.0% 1,966,541.80

D. Fully Vegetative Area
Atmosphere: 4,975,110 Cal/M2/day,
Plant Bodies: 120,000 Cal/M2/day,
Total 5,095,110 Cal/M2/day 6.0 % 305,706.60

GRAND TOTAL 5,314,310.00 Cal/M2/day
Whole Night Radiation to Outer Space 2,480,382.78 Cal/M2/day
Loss due to Expansion of Gases 2,833,927.22 Cal/M2/day

3.6 OTHER NATURAL SOURCES OF HEAT

3.6.1 HEAT FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

The interior or core of the earth is made up of molten metals to include heavy metals such as isotopes of Uranium, Radium, and Plutonium, which by themselves contain their isotopes and emits radiant particles that produces heat. According to some scientists, the soil structure that make up the earth’s outer crust emit one calorie per 10 M2 per second as attributed to the decaying isotopes at earth’s interior together with the residual heat that has been trapped within for 4.5 billion years ago.

Average Diameter of earth = (12,756,300 M + 12,713,822)/2
= 12,735,061M
Earth’s Surface area = (6,367,530.5 M)2 (3.141592654)2
= 400,167,499,248,166 M2

TOTAL HEAT EMITTED PER DAY

400,167,499,248,166 M2 3,600 Sec. 24 Hr
H = (--------------------------------) (-----------) (-------)
(10 M2)/Cal Hr Day

= 3,457,447,193,504,154,240Cal. /Day
= 3.457447193504154240 x 1018Cal. /Day

KM3 OF GASSOLINE EQUIVALENT

3.457447193504154240 x 1018Cal. /Day
GASOLINE = --------------------------------------- = 0.405944598 Km3/Day
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter (1012)

If it were not for the heat that was trapped inside the earth’s core and continuous emission of radio-active particles from the isotopes of metallic elements that comprise the core of the earth, the bottom of the ocean at the depth of 5,000 M to 10,000 M would be made up of ice. Even with the emission of 1,200 Calories/ Km2/Sec. the average temperature at the bottom of deep ocean approaches 0 0C or 273 0K. The existence of Glaciers, Hot Springs and certain spots with potentials of being developed into Geothermal Plants are evidences of enormous heat present within the interior of the earth. These smoke-like or steam emitting spots are found in areas where there are crevices on the rock structures similar to fault line that serve as passage of steam to escape.

Interior of the Sun
Regions of the Sun include the core, radiation zone, convection zone, and photosphere. Gases in the core are about 150 times as dense as water and reach temperatures as high as 16 million degrees C (29 million degrees F). The Sun’s energy is produced in the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium. In the radiation zone, heat flows outward through gases that are about as dense as water. The radiation zone is cooler than the core, about 2.5 million degrees C (4.5 million degrees F). In the convection zone, churning motions of the gases carry the Sun’s energy further outward. The convection zone is slightly cooler, about 2 million degrees C (3.6 million degrees F), and less dense, about one-tenth as dense as water. The photosphere is much cooler, about 5500° C (10,000° F) and much less dense, about one-millionth that of water. The turbulence of this region is visible from earth in the form of sunspots, solar flares, and small patches of gas called granules.
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3.6.2 REFLECTED HEAT FROM THE ATMOSPHERE

During the daytime, the temperature of the atmosphere is usually lower than the temperature of the ground. While both bodies emit radiant heat upon each other, the prevailing flow of heat is from the ground towards the atmosphere. It is in the same manner what happens during nighttime whereby it is the ground that imparts heat into the atmosphere by virtue of the fact that during daytime the ground absorbs heat that raises its temperature much higher than that of the atmosphere.

While it is the ground that always transmits radiant heat into the atmosphere, such rate of heat transfer is lower during the daytime because the temperature gradient between the two bodies is likewise lower.

When radiant energy penetrates the atmosphere and hits the ground, the ground gains about 3,102,975 Cal/M2 during the daytime which it emits during the 12 hour period at nighttime. During the daytime, heat is continuously absorbed and being emitted at the same time but absorption is greater than emission and the gradient between the two builds up the temperature.

During the daytime, on the other hand, the atmosphere continues to absorb heat directly from the sun while at the same time emits radiant energy into the upper layer of atmosphere and into the outer space. Part of the residual heat that the upper layer of atmosphere holds is radiated back towards the ground level. The gradient between what is absorbed and what is emitted builds up the temperature of the atmosphere during which it totally emits during nighttime.


3.6.3 EMISSION OF STORED HEAT FROM THE GROUND/WATER

It has been established that the heat that is absorbed by the ground material components of the earth during day time and being released during nighttime amounts to 3,102,975 Cal/M2/day in Metro Manila, Philippines. What is absorbed by the ground material component of the earth during the day consists of 28.44% of the total heat radiation received by the earth from the sun. Assuming that the same amount of heat is absorbed by the ground material component is the same all throughout the facial area of the earth, such total heat being absorbed is equivalent to the heat if and when 102,384 KM3 of gasoline is burned.

If the sunshine during bright summer day is directed to pure soil structure that is without any buffer or shades, the thickness of the earth materials that is affected by heat absorption is up to 30.646 centimeters. The surface temperature of the ground will rise from 300C to 450C or the average temperature of 37.50C.

The vegetative portion of the earth surface however,
Weight of soil = 0.30 M x 1.0 M2 x 2.7582 Tons/M3
= 0.82746 Tons/M2/day
Heat absorbed = 827,460 Gm (0.5 Cal/Gm/0C) (7.50C)
= 3,102,975 Cal/M2/day

The amount of heat that is absorbed every day is being emitted to outer space and the rest being absorbed by the atmosphere within the 24 hour period to establish thermal equilibrium. If not, the ground soil will eventually be red hot.

In the case of sea and ocean waters, a rough estimate is arrived at by the assumption that the temperature of water up to the depth of 200 Cm increased by 0.02 0C to 3.02 0C for a total absorption of 3,500,000 Cal/M2/day.

Since that the above figures refers only to a particular area near the equator, we may use the same figure provided that solar radiation must refer to the facial area of the earth instead of the ground surface area.

Land Area 37,092,261.3512 Km2 (3,102,975 Cal/M2/day) (1.0 x 106M2/Km2)
Water Area 90,285,009.7723 Km2 (3,500,000. Cal/M2/day) (1.0 x 106M2/Km2)
Total 127,377,271.1235 Km2

AREA Km3 Gasoline Equivalent
Land Area 37,092,261.3512 Km2 13.513661511454 Km3
Water Area 90,285,009.7723 Km2 37.101793580805 Km3
Total 127,377,271.1235 Km2 50.615455092259 Km3


3.6.4 SOLAR HEAT DISTRIBUTION ON EARTH SURFACE

Total Solar Radiation: 10,911,961.70 Calories/M2day
Absorbed by UV Layer “8.0%” 872.956.94 Cal/M2/day
Net Heat From The Sun 10,039,004.76 Cal/M2/day

Radiated Back to Outer Space: 240 Watts
= 4,960,765.56 Cal/M2/day
Net Heat in Atmosphere 5,078,239.38 Cal/M2/day
Heat Loss to Air Expansion 2,833,927.22 Cal/M2/day
Heat Loss in Water Evaporation 2,211,865.16 Cal/M2/day
Heat Loss to Plant Growth 32,447.00 Cal/M2/day
Total 5,078,239.38 Cal/M2/day
Net Heat in Atmosphere & Ground 5,078,239.38 Cal/M2/day
Absorbed By Ground 3,102,924.48 Cal/M2/day
Residual Heat in Atmosphere 1,975,314.90 Cal/M2/day

3.6.5 DAYTIME ATMOSPHERE NEAR THE EQUATOR
Atmospheric Direct Absorption 8,208,794.28
Reflected From Ground 1,830,210.48
Released to Outer Space 1,825,930.25
Plant Growth Intake 32,447.00
Evaporation 520,000.00
Precipitation /Cloud Formation 1,950,000.00
Heat Loss to Expansion 2,330,354.79
Total 10,039,004.76 6,658,732.04
Net Absorbed at daytime 3,380,272.72

NIGHTTIME ATMOSPHERE
Atmospheric Direct Absorption ---------------
Reflected From Ground 590,397.14
Released to Outer Space 1,596,555.98
Plant Growth Intake --------------
Evaporation 130,000.00
Precipitation /Cloud Formation 650,000.00
Heat Loss Air to Contraction 1,594,113.88
Total 590,397..14 3,970,669.86
Net Release at Nighttime 3,380,272.72

At nighttime, the temperature of the ground is higher than that of the atmosphere so that the flow of heat is from the ground to the atmosphere despite the fact that both bodies of the atmosphere and ground emit radiant heat upon each other.

From the early morning to late in the afternoon the ground absorbs 3,102,924.48 Calories to gain an average temperature from 300C to 37.50C and radiates the same amount of heat during nighttime to reduce its average temperature from 37.50C back to 300C. On the other hand, the atmosphere absorbs 4,975,110.00 Calories/M2/day to gain the rise in temperature from 200C to 300C during the daytime and radiates the same amount of heat to return its temperature from 300C to 200C during nighttime.

During the daytime, the ground radiates 1,272,714 Calories directly into the Outer Space and retains 3,102,924.48 Cal/M2/day out of 4,375,638.48 Calories it has absorbed from the sun during the day. During nighttime, the ground radiates 1,323,308.74 Calories directly into outer space and pass on 1,779,615.74 Calories into the Atmosphere.