Solution to Global Warming (Part 6)

ALTITUDE TEMPERATURES ATMOSPHERIC WEIGHT OF TOTAL WEIGHT
IN METERS CELSIUS KELVIN PRESSURE AIR COLUMN OF AIR

8,800 - 46.00 0C 227.00 0K 0.31116125 9.64274321 Gm 322.05189276
9,000 - 47.50 0C 225.50 0K 0.30184459 9.41624611 Gm 312.40914955
9,200 - 49.00 0C 224.00 0K 0.29274677 9.19358816 Gm 302.99290344
9,400 - 50,50 0C 222.50 0K 0.28388407 8.97536169 Gm 293.79931528
9,600 - 52.00 0C 221.00 0K 0.27518627 8.75942179 Gm 284.81779111
9,800 - 53.50 0C 219.50 0K 0.26672306 8.54804877 Gm 276.05836932
10,000 - 55.00 0C 218.00 0K 0.25846407 8.34035692 Gm 267.51032055
10,500 - 54.75 0C 218.25 0K 0.25040566 20.17766226 Gm 259.16986363
11,000 - 54.50 0C 218.50 0K 0.23091034 18.58544223 Gm 238.99220137
11,500 - 54.25 0C 218.75 0K 0.20295339 16.31658276 Gm 220.40675914
12,000 - 54.000C 219.00 0K 0.19718857 15.83501877 Gm 204.09017638
12,500 - 53.75 0C 219.25 0K 0.18188904 14.58975129 Gm 188.25515761
13,000 - 53.50 0C 219.50 0K 0.16779266 13.44271801 Gm 173.66540632
13,500 - 53.25 0C 219.75 0K 0.15480453 12.38898540 Gm 160.22268831
14,000 - 53.00 0C 220.00 0K 0.14283449 11.41803490 Gm 147.83370291
14,500 - 52.75 0C 220.25 0K 0.13180258 10.52419664 Gm 136.41566801
15,000 - 52.50 0C 220.50 0K 0.12163427 9.70126391 Gm 125.89147137
15,500 - 52.25 0C 220.75 0K 0.11226107 8.94353941 Gm 116.19020746
16,000 - 52,000C 221.00 0K 0.10361997 8.24578769 Gm 107.24666805
16,500 - 51.75 0C 221.25 0K 0.09565302 7.60319916 Gm 99.00088036
17,000 - 51.50 0C 221.50 0K 0.08830694 7.01135675 Gm 91.39768120
17,500 - 51.25 0C 221.75 0K 0.08153268 6.46611987 Gm 84.38632445
18,000 - 51.00 0C 222.00 0K 0.07528522 5.96400102 Gm 77.92020458
18,500 - 50.75 0C 222.25 0K 0.06952290 5.50113221 Gm 71.96620356
19,000 - 50.500C 222.50 0K 0.06421746 5.07579494 Gm 66.46507135
19,500 - 50.25 0C 222.75 0K 0.05931331 4.68290565 Gm 61.38927641
20,000 - 50.000C 223.00 0K 0.05478876 4.32083387 Gm 56.70637075
21,000 - 49.50 0C 223.50 0K 0.05061405 7.96534366 Gm 52.38553688
22,000 - 49.00 0C 224.00 0K 0.04291806 6.73911736 Gm 44.42019322
23,000 - 48.50 0C 224.50 0K 0.03640684 5.69129926 Gm 37.68107586
24,000 - 48.00 0C 225.00 0K 0.03090799 4.83169154 Gm 31.98977660
25,000 - 47,50 0C 225.50 0K 0.02629070 4.10078083 Gm 27.15808506
26,000 - 47.00 0C 226.00 0K 0.02227759 3.45948105 Gm 23.05730423
27,000 - 46.50 0C 226.50 0K 0.01893509 2.94042511 Gm 19.59782318
28,000 - 46.00 0C 227.00 0K 0.01609410 2.49374357 Gm 16.65739807
29,000 - 45.50 0C 227.50 0K 0.01368469 2.11575082 Gm 14.16365450
30,000 - 45.00 0C 228.00 0K 0.01164049 1.79575618 Gm 12.04790368
32,000 - 44.00 0C 229.00 0K 0.00990546 3.04284701 Gm 10,25214750
34,000 - 43,00 0C 230.00 0K 0.00696551 2.13042395 Gm 7.20930049
36,000 - 42.00 0C 231.00 0K 0.00490713 1.49426445 Gm 5.07887654
38,000 - 41.00 0C 232,00 0K 0.00346339 1.05015732 Gm 3.58461209
40,000 - 40.00 0C 233.00 0K 0.00244875 0.73931493 Gm 2.53445477
42,000 - 28.00 0C 245.00 0K 0.00173443 0.70311036 Gm 1.79513984
44,000 - 16.00 0C 257.00 0K 0.00105510 0.28880283 Gm 1.09202948
46,000 - 4.00 0C 269.00 0K 0.00077606 0.20294762 Gm 0.80322665
48,000 + 8.00 0C 281.00 0K 0.00057998 0.14519366 Gm 0.60027903
50,000 + 20.000C 293.00 0K 0.00043970 0.10556739 Gm 0.45508537

ALTITUDE TEMPERATURES ATMOSPHERIC WEIGHT OF TOTAL WEIGHT
IN METERS CELSIUS KELVIN PRESSURE AIR COLUMN OF AIR

52,000 + 18.20 0C 291.20 0K
54,000 + 16.60 0C 289.60 0K
56,000 + 15.00 0C 288.00 0K
55,000 + 13.40 0C 286.40 0K
58,000 + 11.80 0C 284.80 0K
60,000 + 10.20 0C 283.20 0K
62,500 + 10.00 0C 283.00 0K
64,000 - 14.65 0C 258.35 0K
66,000 - 20.85 0C 252.15 0K
68,000 - 27.05 0C 245.95 0K
70,000 - 37.50 0C 235.50 0K
72,000 - 43.70 0C 229.30 0K
74,000 - 49.90 0C 223.10 0K
76,000 - 56.10 0C 216.90 0K
78,000 - 62.30 0C 210.70 0K
80,000 - 68.50 0C 204.50 0K
82,000 - 74.70 0C 198.30 0K
82,500 - 82.50 0C 190.50 0K
84,000 - 81.80 0C 191.20 0K
85,000 - 81.60 0C 191.40 0K
86,000 - 81.40 0C 191.60 0K
88,000 - 81.20 0C 191.80 0K
90,000 - 81.00 0C 192.00 0K
92,000 - 76.80 0C 196.20 0K
94,000 - 72,60 0C 200.40 0K
96,000 - 68.40 0C 204.60 0K
98,000 - 64.20 0C 208.80 0K
100,000 - 60.00 0C 213.00 0K
102,000 - 52.00 0C 221.00 0K
104,000 - 44.00 0C 229.00 0K
106,000 - 36.00 0C 237.00 0K
108,000 - 28.00 0C 245.00 0K
110,000 - 20.00 0C 253.00 0K
112,000 - 19.20 0C 253.80 0K
114,000 - 18.40 0C 254.60 0K
116,,000 - 17.60 0C 255.40 0K
118,000 - 16.80 0C 256.20 0K
120,000 - 16.00 0C 257.00 0K

2. 3 WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Near the equator, the concentration of water vapor is normally equal to about 2.5% of the weight of the Atmosphere but for the entire volume of the atmosphere all over the earth’s surface the average concentration is surprisingly 7.8 times lower. One cubic meter of air at 30 0C near the equator contains approximately 27 Grams of water while the average with respect to the entire weight of the atmosphere amounts only to 3.46 Grams.

The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere varies from the Equator to the North Pole and also from the Equator to the South Pole which registers at zero quantity on both Polar Regions. It also varies from the ground level to the altitude of 10 kilometers where the humid content of air is almost zero.

On the ground or sea level at the equator the humid content of air also varies with temperature, pressure and percent humidity which quantities can be determined from observed temperature and pressure with the reference to the Psychrometric Chart or the other version known as the Mullier’s Chart. The percent humidity is determined from the relationship between the dry bulb and the wet bulb temperatures. However, we may start with the averages of the prevailing temperature, pressure and percent humidity near the equator.

Near the equator or in the Philippines in particular, the prevailing percent humidity ranges from 60% to 90% for the whole year average of 75%. At 75% humidity, one Atmosphere pressure and temperature of 30 0C, the amount of water vapor is in the vicinity of 2.5 Grams of water per 100 grams of air.
1,000 Liters Mole 28.86 Gm 273 0K
AIR = (---------------) (----------) (------------) (-------------) = 1,160.829208 Gm/M3
M3 22.4 L Mole 303 0K

WATER VAPOR = 1,160.829208 Gm/M3 (0.025) = 29.020730 Gm/M3
At the ground or sea level in Metro Manila, Philippines, there is about 29 Grams of water per cubic meter of air on the average but as we go up to the altitude of 4,300 where the prevailing temperature is at 0 0C, the amount of moisture is practically zero. With reference to the Atmospheric Profile in the Philippines, the total weight of the Atmosphere up to the altitude of 4,300 meters amounts to 416.954145 Gm/Cm2.or 4,169.54145 Kg/M2. The column of air at 1.0 M x 1.0 M x 4,300 M has a total volume of 4,300 M3 with corresponding weight of 4,169.54145 Kg. This gives an average density of 0.9696608023 Kg/M3 the total amount of water in every square meter In the Philippines = 4,169.54145 Kg (0.025)
= 104.23853625 Kg/M2
To compute the total amount of moisture in the Atmosphere all over the world, the factor or constant which the ratio is of the area of the Great Circle divided by the area of the total surface of earth is necessary to reflect the effect of temperature into the whole system. This is equal to the reciprocal of Pi which is 1/3.141592654 or 0.318309886

TOTAL WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE

104.23853625 Kg 106 M2
WATER =(-------------------) (---------) (400,167,499.2481663018Km2) (0.31830988
M2 Km2
` = 13,277.620,287,500,703.345232175031295 Kg = 13,277.62028750Km3

In view of the fact that there is practically no water vapor in the Atmosphere above the North Pole and South Pole which constitute about 15% of the surface area of the earth and there is also no moisture content in air over the deserts that comprised about 7.5% of the earth’s surface in addition to the fact that there is practically no humid content in air beyond the altitude of 4,300 meters, the total water vapor with respect to the total amount of atmosphere appears to be in the amount equal to 0.320581223 % of the total weight of the Atmosphere.

13,277.62028750 Km3
Percent = (------------------------------- ) (100) = 0.320581223.%.
4,141,733.617218

Therefore the humid content of air in Metro Manila, Philippine is 7.8 times greater that the average all over the world.

Total amount of water evaporated has been computed to consist of about 302.4246 Km3/day, which must be the same amount of rainfall daily to establish the equilibrium. This amounts to the average annual rainfall of 276.035873 mm. against the average of 2,200 mm in Metro, Manila. The average rainfall in the Philippines is therefore 7.97 times greater than the world’s average.

The amount of water in the Atmosphere is therefore equal to 43.9 times the daily evaporation or the amount of daily evaporation is equal to 2.277018 % of the total water suspended in the Atmosphere.

Daily evaporation of water varies in quantity every day as well as during the different seasons of the year by as much as 15 megatons which may range from 295 megatons to as much as 310 megatons which is approximately the same as the amount of daily rainfall. In similar manner, the Atmosphere’s capacity to hold water in the form of water varies every day and in different seasons of the year. This could range from 12,600 megatons to 14,600 megatons.

The reason why the desert is practically devoid humid content that would induce rainfall is simply because the atmosphere over the desert contains practically no water vapor. The general flow of wind towards the equator is moving southwest and before reaching the equator, it bounces back in the upward and Northwestern direction. The upward surge of wind allows precipitation in such manner that upon reaching 300 Latitude to 350 Latitude, where the desert is, it becomes devoid of water.

2.4 CARBON DIOXIDE IN GLOBAL WARMING

2.4.1 CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE
During this later part of 2000, the total amount of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere is equal to 375 parts per million of the total amount of mass that comprise the atmospheric gases. Its total weight is equal to the weight of 1,552.5 cubic kilometers of water and 17 million tons of carbon dioxide is added to it everyday.

Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 31.0% (87 ppm) since 1750 from 278 ppm to 365 ppm of the atmosphere during the last two decades. The rate of increase of carbon dioxide is presently recorded by 1.5 ppm per year. On the other hand the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increased by 0.046 ppm while methane increased by 1.06 ppm since 1975. One part per million or 1.0 ppm of the atmosphere is equal to 4.141733 billion tons or equal to the weight of 4.141733 cubic kilometers of water. The present annual increase of carbon dioxide registered at 1.5 ppm at present is equivalent to the weight of 6.212599 Km3 of water. It has been predicted that by the year 2100, CO2 will increase to the equivalent weight of 1,553.149875 Km3 of water for every cubic meter of air at the temperature of 30 0C at the ground level; the carbon dioxide that is contained is 435.31 milligrams. At the same concentration, there are 5.95 quadrillion molecules of Carbon Dioxide per cubic centimeters of air.

In the case of water areas covering the seas and oceans with the average depth of 3,700 meters, the presence of dissolved Carbon Dioxide gases is estimated at the about 6 parts per million by volume on the average but the surface layer may have as much as 18 parts per million by volume. In view of the fact that the total area of water on the surface of the earth amounts to about 287.65 million square kilometers, 1,064.3 million cubic kilometers of water would contain 177.383 million cubic meters of dissolved carbon dioxide. At the average atmospheric pressure of 185 Atmospheres and average temperature of 50C, there would be 62,180,935 tons of dissolved carbon dioxide in the ocean. Dissolved carbon dioxide within the seas and oceans has therefore a total weight that is equivalent to the weight of 0.062180935 cubic kilometers of water. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 24,858 times greater than the total carbon dioxide found in the oceans.

Every cubic meter of saline water near the surface up to the depth of 60 meters is estimated to contain an average of 18 Cm3 or 38.35 milligrams of dissolved Carbon Dioxide at the average pressure of two Atmospheres. Planktons that thrive up to the depth of 60 meters have 1,917.75 mg of available CO2/M2 or 1.91775 tons per square kilometer of water in the ocean. Approximately two tons of CO2/M2 is available for 40 tons of fish in every square kilometer area in the seas and oceans. Perhaps, every square kilometer of water in the ocean can support as much as 4,000 tons of fish because replenishment of CO2 in the ocean is instantaneous. The concentration of CO2 in the ocean which average is 6 ppm by volume is equivalent to 0.356857 ppm by weight at the pressure of 185 Atmospheres.

2.4.2 THE UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC CARBON DIOXIDE

Men and women of science identified the higher concentration of CO2 in the Atmosphere as the culprit in Global Warming probably by virtue of the following reasons:
1. That Carbon Dioxide “CO2” has the molecular weight of 44 Gm/Mole, which is 42.56% heavier than that of air at 28.86 Gm/Mole.

2. That Carbon Dioxide has a specific heat of 0.40 Calories/Gm/0C, which is 66.5% higher than that of air at 0.24 Calories /Gm/0C

3. That being much heavier among atmospheric gases, CO2 is concentrated at the stratosphere or lower layer of the Atmosphere. Trees grow much slower and don’t grow big enough at higher elevation compared to those at lower altitude.

4. That the existence of tundra indicates that global wind/atmospheric circulation is affected by Coriolis Effect in a manner that the density of CO2 is not uniformly distributed on the earth’s surface thus depriving some particular areas like the tundra of enough carbon dioxide for big trees to grow.

5. That by virtue of the density which is 53% higher and Specific Heat that is 66.5 % higher than air, CO2 has in per unit volume the capacity to absorb heat that is 2.448 times higher compared to that of air.

6. That while the total amount of CO2 in the atmosphere at present amounts to only 375 parts per million, it has the ability to reflect the heat back to ground surface to be retained and to raise the temperature approaching the critical level.

7. That unless immediate remedial measure is undertaken, the projected CO2 content of the atmosphere to reach 287.5 ppm within the next 30 years could escalate into a Global Warming that would end up as the greatest catastrophic event since the extinction of the Dinosaur 65 million years ago.

8. That as proof of Global Climate Change, the National Mapping Resource Information Administration “NAMRIA” under the administration of Col. Jose Solis rendered a report that the sea water level during the recent period of 100 years increased by 28 Cm due to increase in temperature by about 0.2 0C.

9. That more than six gegatons of Carbon Dioxide which is equal to the weight six cubic kilometers of water is added into the Atmosphere every year to accelerate the momentum toward the threat of Global Warming as attributed to modern industrialization.

10. That the presence of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere accumulates due to its inherent characteristics that it does not readily react or combine with other substances.

2.4.3 THE HORROR IN EXCESSIVE CARBON DIOXIDE
Even at gaseous state, Carbon Dioxide exhibits somewhat opaque in appearance that resembles to a visible white smoke when in high concentration in the atmosphere. Being high in opacity and white in color it has the ability to reflect light in all directions and half of such reflected and/or deflected light returns towards the ground to cause heat accumulation and build up of temperature especially at the lower layer of the atmosphere. Its present aggregate equivalent thickness of 3.75 mm relative to that of liquid water left no space on earth where photons or quantum of light could pass through without hitting or be deflected by molecules of carbon dioxide.

In a parallel manner the heat that is absorbed by Carbon Dioxide molecules, the same is radiated in all directions and resulting to half of such heat wave is returned towards the ground surface. Additional increase in the virtual thickness of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere multiplies the number of times heat is reflected back and forth to the layers of CO2 and to the ground surface. At each instance of reflection part of the heat is absorbed by the rigid and solid composition of the earth and more build up of temperature is incurred daily.

As we vividly figured out how temperature at the ground level is built up by virtue of increased accumulation of Carbon Dioxide, we will begin to examine the corresponding effect of every magnitude such temperature increase. The first effect of increase in temperature applies to the corresponding expansion of water as the temperature of water in the ocean increases. The volume of water is in unity with its density at 4.0 0C which is the smallest volume of liquid water. At 4.0 0C, one Cm3 of water weigh exactly one Gm or one Liter of water weighs exactly one kilogram. At every rise in temperature, water increases its volume with corresponding decrease in density. From 20.00 0C to 20.20 0C, which is an increase by 0.20 0C, the water in the ocean will raise its level by 0.335 M. From 20.0 0C to 21.0 0C which is an increase by 1.0 0C, the level of the ocean will rise by 1.265 M.

An increase in temperature by 5.0 0C will have a corresponding rise in the level of the ocean by 6.29 M and will put almost all major cities in many parts of the world under water. The most that will be affected are the rich and the famous with business and factories located in leading cities all over the world. The rise by 5.0 0C with corresponding rise of water level in the ocean will likewise put a great area of the food basin that would result to famine and starvation which could put to death more than 50 percent of the world population.

2.5 THE ROLE OF INERT GASES OF ROYAL FAMILY OF GASES

2.5.1 QUANTITY OF INERT GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE

INERT GASES GRAM/CM2 PPM GEGATONS
Argon Ar 14.49000000 14,000.00000000 57,984.27075000
Krypton Kr 0.10350000 100.00000000 414.17336250
Xenon Xe 0.05175000 50.00000000 207.08668125
Helium He 0.00250000 2.41545894 10.00418750
Radon Rn 0.00103500 1.00000000 4.14173363
Neon Ne 0.00001818 0.01760000 0.07289451
TOTAL 14.64880818 14,153.43305894 58,619.74960939

Not so may people are aware that the amount of Argon in the Atmosphere is 4.368 time greater than the total amount of water vapor and 37.33 times greater than Carbon Dioxide, About 98.91% of all inert gases are made up of Argon and talking of inert gases is practically talking of Argon because the quantities of other inert gases are insignificant.. Argon is present in the Atmosphere by as much as 14,000 ppm or 1.4 percent of the Atmosphere for a total weight that is equivalent to the weight of 57,984 cubic kilometers of water.

At the specific heat of 0.1243 Cal/0C the total amount of Argon in the Atmosphere has the capacity to absorb as much as 11.6 times much more heat than what Carbon Dioxide can absorb and retain. Even if the quantity of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere is doubled; which quantity can already trigger the catastrophic event in Global Warming, that quantity is still far behind compared to the overall contributory effect of Argon.

Argon is a part and a necessary component of the atmosphere in accordance with the Intelligent Design by which the earth was created, Without Argon, life on earth would be impossible because the prevailing temperature would be way below zero degrees Celsius.

The good thing with Argon is that it does not diminish in quantity because it is inert and not reactive. It does likewise significantly increase because it does not have abundance source except during volcanic eruption. Argon, which is the by-product of Irradiation Decay of an isotope of potassium are present or stored in the earth’s crust hundreds if not thousands of meters below the ground surface. It is during volcanic eruption that some of these gases are brought into the Atmosphere.

In the Philippines, the humid content of air is approximately 2.5% compared to Argon at 1.4%. The reason why Argon is about 37 times greater than the average amount of water in the global scale is simply that water vapor is absent in the desert and in the Polar Regions. Water vapor is likewise absent in 42.5% of the total Atmosphere that are found beyond the altitude of 4,300 meters.

2.5.2 PROPERTIES OF INERT GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE

PROPERTIES Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Atomic Number 2 10 18 36 54 86
Atomic Weight 4.002602 20.179 39.948 83.80 131.29 222.20
Density “Air” 0.1370 0.3557 1.38 3.708 4.22 9.97
Melting Point -272 0C - 249 0C -189 0C -157 0C -112 0C -71 0C
Boiling Point -270 0C - 246 0C -187 0C -153 0C -107 0C - 62 0C
Specific Heat ------- -------- 0.124318 ---------- ---------- --------
Ppm 2.4154 0.0176 14,000.0000 100.0000 50.0000 1.0000

Inert Gases have a total weight of 14.64630318 Gm/Cm2 of the earth’s surface representing 1.4151% or 14,151.0117 ppm of the total weight of the atmosphere with 98.93% of which is Argon. Royal Gases are also known as inert gases because they do not react easily to form chemical compounds. They are likewise known as lazy elements because their outer most shells are saturated or filled with eight electrons resulting to a valence or combining power as zero. Inert gases have been found to be transparent to Infra-red radiation and do not absorb this particular spectrum.

Inert Gases have a total weight of 14.64630318 Gm/Cm2 of the earth’s surface representing 1.4151% or 14,151.0117 ppm of the total weight of the atmosphere with 98.93% of which is Argon. Royal Gases are also known as inert gases because they do not react easily to form chemical compounds. They are likewise known as lazy elements because their outer most shells are saturated or filled with eight electrons resulting to a valence or combining power as zero. Inert gases have been found to be transparent to Infra-red radiation and do not absorb this particular spectrum.

HELIUM
Discovered by Ramsay & Cleve in 1895; Element component that constitute 92.0% of the sun; Helium derives its name from the Greek word “helios” meaning the sun. French Pierre Janssen discovered helium in the spectrum in the sun in 1868. Sir Ernest Rutherford later discovered that the alpha particles are nucleus of Helium.

Helium has been found to have a mono-atomic molecule and is the lightest of all gases except hydrogen. Its density is 0.1664 Gm/Liter at 200C and one atmosphere pressure. At sea level of the earth’s atmosphere helium exists at 5.4 ppm and increases slightly at higher altitudes. Helium is used in balloon because it is non-combustible and as insulator

NEON
Discovered by Ramsay & Travers in 1898; occur as1/55,000 of atmosphere and is commercially manufactured for Neon Lights or Neon light bulbs. Neon derives its name from the Greek word which means new. It is a colorless and odorless gas used principally in advertising lightings due to its luminous reddish orange glow. It also used as a cryogenic refrigerant because it has more than 40 times refrigerating capacity per unit volume than Helium.