Solution to Global Warming (Part 3)

Hours of Daylight by Latitude

This table shows the varying length of day with latitude. The day length is calculated as the period between the rising and setting of the sun. It does not include the period of twilight before and after
sunrise and sunset. Read the months on the left of the table for the northern hemisphere, and the months on the right of the table for the southern hemisphere.
Length of Day at Various Latitudes (in Hours and Minutes on the 15th of Each Month)
Month Equator 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° Poles Month
January 12:07 11:35 11:02 10:24 9:37 8:30 6:38 0:00 0:00 0:00 July
February 12:07 11:49 11:21 11:10 10:42 10:07 9:11 7:20 0:00 0:00 August
March 12:07 12:04 12:00 11:57 11:53 11:48 11:41 11:28 10:52 0:00 September
April 12:07 12:21 12:36 12:53 13:14 13:44 14:31 16:06 24:00 24:00 October
May 12:07 12:34 13:04 14:22 15:22 17:04 22:13 24:00 24:00 24:00 November
June 12:07 12:42 13:20 14:04 15:00 16:21 18:49 24:00 24:00 24:00 December
July 12:07 12:40 13:16 13:56 14:49 15:38 17:31 24:00 24:00 24:00 January
August 12:07 12:28 12:50 13:16 13:48 14:33 15:46 18:26 24:00 24:00 February
September 12:07 12:12 12:17 12:23 12:31 12:42 13:00 13:34 15:16 24:00 March
October 12:07 11:55 11:42 11:28 11:10 10:47 10:11 9:03 5:10 0:00 April
November 12:07 11:40 11:12 10:40 10:01 9:06 7:37 3:06 0:00 0:00 May
December 12:07 11:32 10:56 10:14 9:20 8:05 5:54 0:00 0:00 0:00 June
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


1.6.6 POLAR WINDS
Another cyclic event of heat transfer is enhanced by the direction of the polar wind when the heated air rising off the equatorial region, moves pole ward, cools and eventually descends.
Prevailing Winds
The prevailing winds include the doldrums near the equator, the northeast (or southeast) trade winds somewhat above (or below) the equator, the prevailing westerly near the middle latitudes, and the polar easterlies near the poles. The winds are named with respect to the direction from which they blow. For example, the northeast trade wind blows in the northern hemisphere from the east toward the west.
© Microsoft Corporation. All

The reason why the prevailing direction winds near the equator as it is in the Philippines is easterly is by virtue of the fact that the entire body of the atmosphere lags behind the movement of the rigid component of the earth as the earth that rotates around its axis similar manner as that of the Coriolis Effect on ocean current
In the Northern Hemisphere where the Philippines is located, the prevailing wind travels from east to west along the equator as it gradually rises bringing along humid air that eventually precipitates into clouds and rain that falls heavily at 5 degrees to 25 degree latitude. At 3,000 to 4,000 meters in altitude, the wind flows northward and gradually moves downward as it approaches the 30 degree latitude. In view of its downward direction and with air that is with very low in humid content, deserts are found at 30 degrees latitude. The rainy season in a certain locality is defined by the degrees in latitude in relation with the given tilt of the earth with respect to the sun at a particular month of the year.


1.6.7 GENERATION OF GULF STREAMS

The global climate is so complicated because of so many factors that contribute to attain the specific condition of temperature in certain locality to include periodic changes that is going on. For instance the Panamanian isthmus diverts the flow of the Caribbean water pushed eastward by the spinning of the earth and thereby generates the Gulf Stream, that warms not only part of the United States but parts of Northern Europe as well.

The Gulf Stream is the path of warm current of the North Atlantic Ocean following in a generally Northeastern direction from the strait of Florida to the Great Banks East and South of Newfoundland and Labrador. The term is often extended to include the North Atlantic Drift which flow from the Great Banks to the shores of Western Europe. It has maximum width of 80 kilometers, depth of 640 meters and 1.388 meters per second in velocity.

Gulf Streams originally got their energies from the equatorial currents as their prime movers. They are in fact extensions and branching out into many tributaries of flowing sea waters that assume the direction and path of sea bed canal formations and confinement provided by land masses. There are Gulf streams that flow at the velocity of 3 meters to 5 meters per second that become responsible in mixing water temperature at 250C with those that are at 100C to 150C and therefore affect major changes in climates in many parts of the world.

Ocean Currents
The major surface currents in the world’s oceans are caused by prevailing winds. The currents may be cold, as in the instance of the West Wind Drift, or warm, as the Gulf Stream. Currents circulate in paths called gyres, moving in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Similar to the Ocean Gulf Streams are Giant Ocean Cataracts which are under-sea cataracts that descend further than any waterfall and carry water more than a river play a crucial rule in maintaining the chemistry and climate of the deep ocean. They establish the pattern of flow and mixing of sea water beneath the ocean floor as water spills over the edge of the ocean basin into another. In Denmark Strait for instance, immense cascade water – a giant cataract carries five million cubic meters of water per second through a descent of 3.5 kilometers dwarfing Angel Falls of Venezuela in height at about a thousand meters and Guaira Falls Brazil in flow rate at 13,000 cubic meters only.

The network of cataracts is defined by the topography of the ocean floor and solar heating to produce convection current: the transfer of heat by bulk motion of a fluid. The cold water near the Pole is the densest and therefore sinks in convection current to the bottom. From there it spreads towards the temperate latitude, displacing the warmer water above it. The warmer water therefore begins to rise in a gentle upwelling that is thought to take place almost everywhere in the ocean. Because warmer layers prevent upward motion of the colder bottom layers – just as the Los Angeles temperature inversion traps cold air under – the upwelling is extremely slow. At the same time the cold water is heated by contact with warm water above.

The ocean is in thermal equilibrium, and so the heat flowing upward in the process must be equal to the heat flowing downward. But because convection is an extremely efficient mechanism for transferring heat, the downward convection currents do not have to be very large in cross-sectional area to balance the heat transfer of the ocean-wide warming of the deep water. The narrow currents of sinking cold water are in fact precursors to the ocean cataract proper.

1.6.8 SOLAR REFLECTION ON ICE SHEETS

The Ice Sheets or snow cannot be found on the sea level within the torrid zones near the equator and not even within the 35 degrees latitude. They are located near the 600 latitude and beyond where the temperature is zero or beyond zero. In view of the earth’s inclination from the sun together with thicker mantle of atmospheric gases to be traversed, solar radiation is reduced to 10% or even way below this magnitude.

When sunlight of say 1,000,000 Cal/M2/day is directed to the surface of the ice sheets about 78.0% is reflected back into the atmosphere and only 22.0% or 220,000 Cal/M2/day is absorbed. On its way up about 15.0 % is absorbed by the atmospheric gases and the rest comprising of about 85 % is sent into the outer space. This is what happens to the ice sheets in the North Pole, the South Pole and in high altitude areas where snow is deposited.

To melt ice, 80 Calories is required to convert one gram of solid ice at zero degrees Celsius into liquid water at the same temperature of zero degrees Celsius. For the whole day of solar exposure 2,750 Gm of ice/M2/day could theoretically be converted into water but one gram of ice which could be minus ( - 20 0C) has the capacity to absorb 100 calories of heat without melting.

There is practically no evaporation over the ice cap and molten ice if ever will be very minimal. Whatever is melted during daytime is again converted into ice during nighttime. The polar ice cap over the North and South Pole covers approximately total of 60 million square kilometers or about 15.0 % of the total surface area of the earth. At the average height of 200 meters, 12 million cubic kilometers of ice when totally melted will raise the water level of the ocean by more than 48.38 meters

RELATIVE INDEX OF REFLECTION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS
Black Velvet 0.004
Moist Earth 0.080
Blue Paper 0.260
Pine Wood 0.400
White Paper 0.600
Snow 0.780
Reflective index is measured amount of light that is reflected over the amount of incident light. (Source: Chemical Dictionary by Grant & Hackh’s)

REFRACTION INDEX OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
MATERIALS INDEX OF REFRACTION
1. Vacuum 1,000
2. Air 1.003
3. Ice 1.310
4. Water 1.330
5. Ethyl Alcohol 1.360
6. Plexiglas 1.510
7. Crown Glass 1.520
8. Light Flint Glass 1.580
9... Dense Flint 1.660
10. Zircon 1.923
11. Diamond 2.147
1.6.9 THICK GROWTH OF RAINFORESTED AREAS

It has been observed that a wide range of rainforest with thick growth of big trees is almost totally covered with heavy clouds not only everyday for several days but all throughout the year. The reason of persistent cloud cover is attributed to the continuous emission of huge amount of oxygen exhaled by the trees. Oxygen emitted from the trees is lighter than air and being buoyed upward to create a vertical current while being displaced by heavier atmospheric gases.

Oxygen atoms that are freshly exhaled by forest trees are in ionic form and not diatomic molecules and therefore much lighter than air. The atomic weight of air is 16 grams per mole compared to air at 28.86 grams per mole. With this relative weights, oxygen is buoyed vertically upward especially in the absence of strong winds, The upward current of oxygen creates a mixture of oxygen and air current that reaches a considerable height where there is low pressure and where expansion takes place. In expansion there is lose of energy that results to cooling and followed by precipitation of clouds.

As it travels through the vertical path especially in absence of wind, the mono-atomic and ionic oxygen atom combines with another atom of oxygen to form a diatomic oxygen molecule. The merging of two atoms creates a partial vacuum that also enhances more upward current of air. As air goes up with its humid content, it reaches a level where the atmosphere is thinner and subsequently results to expansion and subsequent cooling process. Upon cooling, the water molecules condense into precipitate or particles of clouds. Due to the presence of heavy clouds it precipitates into rainfall to provide the whole forest area with shower practically every day especially in the late afternoon.

This author has made direct observations and experiences on the extent of cloud cover over thickly forested areas while supervising the Aerial Photography of nineteen million hectares undertaken by Certeza Aerophoto Systems for the Bureau of Forestry in 1969 to 1971. The thickly forested areas were found to be consistently covered with very thick clouds for a number of months which alerted the pilots of three photo-mission planes to identify these areas in the map and to focus on these areas as top priority.

1.6.10 CONTINENT SPLITTING & SHIFTING EVENT

Scientists in many parts of the world are in agreement that hundreds of millions if not a billion years ago all the continents on the surface of the earth were adjacent to each other and they all exist as one contiguous area. As million of years passed by, they gradually split apart from each other and became individual continents.

The southern part of North America and the northern part of South America exhibits the most revealing evidence that the two continents were formerly adjoining each other. The shape of edges of the land mass exactly fit to each other and even those types of soil taken from the Grand Canyon are very similar to that of the opposite continent. The basic structure and the density of the land mass of the huge continent in its original size provides the direction on how the continent will be split and be shifted away from each other as enhanced by the molten state of the core of the earth.. The rate by which the continents move away from each other is estimated at one millimeter to three millimeters per year.

The splitting of the continents away from each other is believed to have happened beyond the first extinction event that took place some 250 million years ago. Species of plants and animals that existed prior to the splitting were carried over by the land mass of the respective continents. Animals that evolved after the separation of the land mass of every continent were able to migrate across to another continent every time there occurs the ice ages that takes place every 114,000 years.

Scientists have not yet found the reason why the earth does undergo a cycle of heating and cooling its surface every 114,000 years.

1.6.11 THE ICE AGE EVENT

During the latest ice age that occurred about 10,000 years ago, the average temperature of the earth surface was about 100C or just five degrees below the present average of 150C. During this event, the water in the ocean went down by as much as 135 M below the present level of sea water. Water was frozen and deposited at the North Pole and at the South Pole to reach the height of about 675 M higher than what it is today. This event created some land bridges in between some islands and in between continents that allowed migration of animals from where they existed for thousands and thousands of years.

Ice ages are eras that the earth undergoes or experiences in a cyclic manner but up to this time scientists could find an explanation to its real cause. Nobody really and exactly knows what influence the extreme cooling of the earth’s surface but it could be theorized that there could be a point in time that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere became so thin when sequestered by great amount of growing trees and plants until it reaches a critical point.

The earth managed to get back to its higher temperature when the area of the land mass increased as a result of water freezing in the North Pole and South Pole and consequently absorbed more heat to restore the earth. In 1950, about 15% of the surface of the earth was covered with ice sheet but during the last 57, it receded by as much as 20%.

Some forty years ago, there was a publication where a group of scientists held a theory which claimed that the Planet Earth undergoes a major change in its climatic condition every cycle of 114,000 years.

According to such report, there is a point in time within that cyclic period whereby the temperature of the earth goes down very low so that a great part of the water in the ocean got frozen at the North Pole as well as at the South Pole. This freezing period tremendously reduced the water at the equator and created land bridges that allowed migration of large animals like elephants from Africa to as far as Thailand and Cambodia or the other way around.

In accordance with the same report there were three kinds of animals somewhere in Africa to include the antelope and a small one that is of the same size as the mice that puzzled scientists why at a certain cyclical period these animals migrate, jump into the sea water, swam for a great distance and eventually die in the middle of the sea. Their findings later revealed that in the distant past, these animals were used to migrate following a cyclical period when the bridge of land mass still exists. They have imbibed that habitual character of migration into their life system that has become embedded deep into their Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA. Instinctively, they tried to migrate every cyclic period not knowing that that there has been a change in land and water features and that they will eventually die because the level of water has risen and erased those land bridges that used to exist during the ice age.

On the other hand, there is a point in time within that cycle 114,000 years when the ice berg melts due to the significant rise of earth’s temperature and the water in the ocean correspondingly increased its level to occupy, submerge and destroy a greater part of lowlands. If this happens in our era, important cities all over the world would be under water and will be totally destroyed.

According to such report, we are about 20,000 years away from that cyclic global warming but with the accelerated development of science, industrialization and the demands of rapid population growth, we could expect global warming to come much earlier than we expect.

1.6.12 MORPHOGENETIC FIELD EVENT

Morphogenetic Field which means “the beginning of life form” is included in this discussion primarily to support the claim of this Author that what is distinct with the earth from other planets in our solar system and probably with other planets in the whole of the universe is the presence of morphogenetic field which made possible the formation of hydrogen on earth surface out of emitted protons and electrons from exploding stars and nebula in outer space. He advances the theory that 7.4 M3 of water is added into the ocean every second since 4.5 Billions years ago resultant to the water formation that has its hydrogen component coming from outer space.

Morphogenetic Field has been the subject of research among world’s leading scientists to include Wheeler, Ilya Prigogin, Morray B. King, Henry Murray, William Mcdougall, Dr. Arden Mahberg, Karl Pribram and Rupert Sheldrake among others.

Rupert Sheldrake has proposed the existence of subtle, hyper-spatial Phenomenon which guides the formation of matter or living system which he called Morphogenetic Field. These fields are found to exist by virtue of the physical manifestation they provide to make it easier to repeat the process of creating the physical form in the aspect of non-living and in the case of living organisms or biological system, Morphogenetic Field give rise to group mind or collective intelligence.

In Sheldrake’s Theory, the duly formed elementary particles has a Morphogenetic Field which has become “lock in “ at physical manifestation and then guides future growth creation. The field is non-local and hyper spatial in its nature and can be likened to “etheric” or “spiritual” form. By virtue of how the field exists, it appears that it derives its origin from the result or outcrop of Phenomenal Self Organization. It appears that once Phenomenal Self Organization establishes a certain channel of Morphogenetic field, it continue to exist all over the universe for further formation of the same event of physical formation or life form attribute propagation

For instance, when timber tree species where formed for the first time billions of years ago, it did not grow in just one spot on earth but rather all over the surface of the earth by virtue the fact that the field of morphogenetic is all over the world.

Ilya Prigogin, Nobel Prize Awardees in Chemistry in 1977 for his experimental research work in determining under what conditions a system may evolve from chaotic state to organized state which he described as “Phenomenal Self Organization”. According to Prigogin, the conditions as discovered must be non-linear, non-local, far from equilibrium, hyper-spatial and there must be an energy flux through it.

A non-linear system is described as one whose responses to a set of stimuli may produce a new, surprising and synergetic behavior that cannot readily be predicted by summing up the responses of individual stimuli.

On the contrary the linear system exhibits linear superposition where a reductionistic view gives the correct prediction. Rupert Sheldrake brilliant contribution was to take example of the experimentally observed Phenomenal Self Organization is the generation of vortices and vortex rings in a turbulent fluid or air as in the case of tornadoes. Another example of order arising from a chaotic state that occurs in plasma of highly ionized gas is where the formation of vortex pair of rings is observed. The pair of vortex rings which correspond to the production of elementary particles such as electron pair.

What have been fairly loose ideas about morphogenetic fields and formulate them into testable theory. Briefly the theory goes as follows: Morphogenetic Fields carry information only (no energy) and are available throughout time and space without any lose of intensity after they have been created. They are created by patterns of physical form (including such thing as crystal as well as biological system.) They help guide the formation of latter similar system. And finally, a newly formed system “tunes into” a previous system by having within it a” seed” that resonates seed in the earlier form.
Thus from this perspective, the Deoxy-ribo nucleic acid “DNA” in the genes of the living system “ like an acacia tree “ does not carry all the information needed to shape that system, but it can act as a “tuning seed” that tunes the morphogenetic fields of previous system of the same type. Morphogenetic Fields are thus the repository of what might be described as genetic habits.
Still another global phenomenon which is a bit strange has something to do with morphogenetic field and related to the experiment conducted by Rupert Sheldrake of United Kingdom. He discovered that the spectrum of consciousness transcends easily towards the South and towards the West rather than in the opposite direction. The experiments if you may recall consist of hidden images in puzzle pictures shown in three series of television show at British Broadcasting Corporation “BBC” program whereby those in the South and those in the West are the ones with high score of guessing/identifying the hidden images.

This author has expanded the theory with the observation that West Germany is much more progressive than East Germany. South Korea is much more progressive than North Korea and South Vietnam is far more progressive than North Vietnam

The most progressive spot in the Philippines is Metro Manila which is located at the Southwestern part of the island of Luzon. The provinces in Western Visayas are well off compared to the Eastern part of the Visayan Islands. In the island of Mindanao, we have the city of Davao at the South with Zamboanga City and Cotabato City at the Southwest.

Existing pavements, available open spaces, available sunlight among others is the direction where more canopies, stems and branches of trees are concentrated but in the absence of these factors, the general tendencies of trees grow more branches toward the west and toward the south.

• THE WHITE ANT EPISODE
It has been observed that when the white ants multiplied into a great number and their colony reached hundreds of thousand if not millions, they become tightly associated and united, deal among each other in coherence and in harmony by virtue of being collectively endowed with a unified, singular and collective sense of awareness, thought process and intellect for all of them. Collectively they think as one individual, work together for the same objective and purpose. Together they build an intricate, majestic awesome and architecturally aesthetic design of their nest that is made of pure clay because they are all attuned to the same channel of Morphogenetic Field.

A newly hatched, still translucent individual white ant could be observed as highly knowledgeable in separating the pure clay materials formed it into a ball and the strangest thing is that newly hatched ant know exactly where and how to fixed it in accordance with the overall design of their nest.

Dr. Henry Morray B. King, author of the “Zero Point Energy” claimed that the white ants are able to self-organize themselves into a unified thought process by tuning in into a certain morphogenetic field channel. The ants were all observed to be very busy all the time even in the absence of a time keeper to check their attendance, do their individual construction job correctly without the Supervising Engineer and know the entire design of the entire edifice to be erected without Engineering Plans as reference.


• THE MICROSCOPIC CILIA EPISODE
The cilia are microscopic organisms that live in a small body of water which often encounter the problem of moving to another side of a pond when their habitat is hit by sunlight at a certain season of the year. As an exercise of defense mechanism, millions of these microscopic animals gather and attached their bodies to one another to form a semblance of a much larger animal with limbs and fins for swimming. The larger animal that is formed among them swims across the pond and settles a cooler place. Upon reaching their destination, they release from each other hold and go separately on their own.

They are said to self-organize among themselves when there is a problem that endangers their sense of struggle and survival. They self- organized themselves under a unified thought process and awareness by tuning in into a common channel of the spectrum of consciousness that exist in the Morphogenetic Filed,

• THE MONKEY AND POTATO EPISODE
A certain research team among the Japanese Scientists was conducting some scientific investigation in several small islets when they found plenty of potatoes in the group of islands but no monkey eats them. They eventually catch a monkey and trained it how to wash a potato and have it eaten. The training was done in a cage inside a room that no other monkey would be able to see what was going on.

When the training became successful, the Japanese researchers were surprise to find several monkeys in a creek washing pieces of potato and have them eaten. When they sailed to neighboring islets, they were surprise to observe monkeys eating raw potatoes also. They reported their findings and upon reaching some researchers on Morphogenetic Field, they were provided with scientific explanation.

• THE JELLY FISH EPISODE
Jelly Fishes are soft, umbrella shape bodied marine zoological organisms that thrive in relatively shallow sea water. Their bodies are less than one percent organic matter and ninety nine percent water but are equipped tentacles that can inject poison fatal to their preys and even to human beings. They have no kidney, heart and brain but they multiply sexually and their sense of awareness is tremendous because they are aware and inject with poison their perceived enemies.

What is distinctly amazing about these creatures is the fact that despite having no brains at all, they can detect different temperatures as far as 100 kilometers radius in the ocean and know where to migrate. It may be recalled that there was that nationwide brown out during President Fidel Ramos administration when the cooling towers were clog with jelly fish. They were attracted by the warm water effluent and they migrated from all directions. They have no brain but they are attuned to certain channel of morphogenetic field to intensify their spectrum of consciousness.

• THE SAMANEA SAMAN OR ACASIA TREE EPISODE
If anyone happens to travel from Metro Manila to Vigan, Ilocus Norte he/she must have experienced a stretch of about 20 kilometers of road pavement that almost completely covered by the canopies of acacia trees. The same experience could be realized in a six kilometer stretch of road pavement if one travels from San Fernando, Pampanga, to Angeles City whereby approximately 70 % of the canopies of acacia trees have their growth extension towards the National Highway instead of at the other side.

If the trees planted along the highway are in several hundreds or thousands, they appear to self organized themselves into a group thought process or collective consciousness and react to other entity of nature for their defense and self preservation. In the process of rationalization to seek for the answer regarding this amazing phenomenon, there are three possible reasons why the trees cover the road pavement with their canopies as if it were done intentionally.