Solution to Global Warming (Part 10)

3.9.0 SOURCES OF HEAT DUE TO MAN’S ACTIVITIES

3.9.1 COMBUSTION OF CRUDE OIL & DERIVATIVES

The production and consumption of Crude oil all over the world was registered at 70 million barrels a day. By the start of this coming year of 2008, it is estimated 72.5 million barrels a day. Allotting 4.0% as sediments, asphalts and impurities and 6.0 for the manufacture of plastics and solvents, the crude oil that goes into the production of petroleum would amount to 65.25 million barrels a day or 23.8293 billion barrels every year. At 162.75 Liters per barrel and at the specific gravity of 0.875, this figure would amount to 9.2920078125 million tons a day or 3.39390585352 billion tons a year. This is equivalent to 10.6194375 million M3/day or 3.8787495468 billion M3 a year.

Through the process of fractional distillation or cracking, crude oil is broken down into different petroleum products to include Diesel Fuel, Kerosene, Gasoline, Aviation Gas, alcohol and Liquid Petroleum Gas. The proportion of these liquids differs in quantity according to the original quality of crude oil and the nature of the process being applied by the distiller. The heavy component or long chained hydrocarbon is discarded as asphalt.

A certain portion of crude oil production output is processed into formaldehyde and subsequent processing by polymerization with the reaction with chlorine different plastic products such as polyvinyl chloride “PVC” polyethylene “PE” polypropylene “PPE” and various solvent products is also realized. Assuming that.

Crude Oil Production = 65,250,000 Barrels/day (162.75Liter/Barrel
Weight of Petroleum = 1.06194375 x 107 M3/day (0.875 Ton/M3)
= 3.8787495469 x109 M3/year(0.875)
= 3.3939058535 x 109Tons/year

114 400 352 162
C8H18 + 12.5 O2 = 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
C8 = 96 352
H18 = 18 CO2 = ------- = 3.0877
Total = 114 114

96 14,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
C = (--------) ( -----------------) (-----------) (-----------) = 6,536,084.2 Cal
114 lb Kg BTU

18 60,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
H = (-------) (-----------------) (------------) (-----------) = 5,252, 210.5 Cal
114 lb Kg BTU
Total = 11,788,258.72 Cal/Kg

Heating Value/Liter = 0.7225 (11,788,258.72 Cal/Kg) = 8,517,016.93 Cal/L
Total Heat = 1.13925 x 107 tons/day (1,000 Kg/Ton) (11,788,258.72 Cal/Kg)
= 1.342977374676 x 1017 Cal/day

1.342977374676 x 1017 Cal/day
Km3 Gasoline = ------------------------------------- = 0.01576811966732 Km3/day
8,517,042 x 1012Cal/Km3/day

= 4.90522486100409 x 10!9 Cal/year

4.90522486100409 x 1019 Cal/year
BTU = ------------------------------------------
252 Cal./BTU

= 1.94651780198575 x 1017 BTU/year

3.0877 Kg CO2
CO2 Produced = (--------------------) (1.13935 x 107 Tons/day
Kg Gasoline

= 3.517970995 x 107 Tons/day
= 1.28493890592 x 1010Tons/year

1.28493890592 x 1010Tons/year
PPM added/year = ----------------------------------------
4.1417336172185181 x 109 Tons

= 3.10241803 ppm 162.2 x 1015 BTU
= 1.622 x 1017 BTU/year (252 Cal/BTU)
= 4.08744 x 1019 Calories/year

4.08744 x 1019 Calories
Kg = ----------------------- = 3,467,382,331,086.13 Kg
11,788,258.72 Cal/Kg)

Liters = 3,467,382,331,086.13 Kg/ (0.875) = 3,962,722,664,098.43Liters


3,962,722,664,098.43 Liters
Barrel = --------------------------- = 24,348,526,353.9B/year
162.75 L/Barrel

= 66,662,632.40 Barrels/day


2.9.2 COMBUSTION OF COAL

Annual Consumption of Fossil Fuels
In 2003, 362 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of fossil fuels were consumed worldwide. These fuels were in the form of oil, gas, and coal. The United States, with less than 5 percent of the world’s population, consumed 24 percent of the oil, 23 percent of the gas, and 23 percent of the coal.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Normally, coal contains 3% to 5% sulfur which when combusted produced sulfur dioxide “SO2”that reacts with moisture to produce sulfuric acid “H2SO4” which fall with rain drops known as acid rain. In burning large volume of coal, the installation of a scrubber is required. Combustion is undertaken with lime “CaO” upon which sulfur is made react to produce Calcium Sulfate“CaSO4”.

Total Consumption of coal = 100.7 x 1015 BTU/year
= 1.007 x 1017 BTU/year (252 Cal/BTU)
= 2.53764 x 1021 Cal/year
= 0.815738571144 Km3 Gasoline/day
12 32 44
C + O2 = CO2
44
CO2 = ------- = 3.666
12
14,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
C = (---------------) (--------) (----------) = 7,761,600 Cal/Kg
Lb Kg BTU

2.53764 x 1021 Cal/year
C = (-----------------------------) = 3.26948051 x 1011 Kg/year
7,761,600 Cal/Kg
= 3.26948051 x 108 ton/year
= 0.326948 KM3 (Gegatons)/year

3.9.3 COMBUSTION OF FIREWOODS & CHARCOAL
Even in this modern and advanced civilization, about 3 billion people still live in the rural areas and make use of firewood as their fuel in cooking food. At the per capita consumption of 350 kg per year, approximately 1.05 billion tons of firewood is consumed annually and 2.16 billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted.
Firewood at 15% moisture is estimated to contain 8,000 BTU/lb or 17,600 BTU/Kg.

8,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal.
Calories = (---------------) (---------) (------------) = 4,435,200 Cal/Kg
Lb Kg BTU

= 4,435,200 Cal./Kg (350 Kg/year) (3,000,000,000 persons)
= 4.65696 x 1018 Calories/year
= 1.27500616 x 1016 Calories/day

1.27500616 x 1016 Calories/day
Equivalent Gasoline = ---------------------------------------------
8,517,042 Cal. /Liter of Gasoline

= 1.4970055838 x 1010 Liters/day
= 1.4970055838 x 107 M3/day
= 5.4678128948 x 109 M3/year
= 5.4678128948 Km3/year


COMBUSTION OF FIREWOODS

Firewood is computed from its cellulose content although it contains Lignin “C24H48O24”, Pentosan “C5H10O5” Cellulose and Hemi-cellulose among others. The bulk of dry wood materials averages 15% moisture.

342 384 528 198
C12H22O11 + 12 O2 = 12 CO2 + 11 H2O

528
CO2 = -------- = 1.5438596491 Kg/Kg of Wood
342

Total CO2 = 1.5438596491 Kg/Kg of Wood (1.05 x 109 Tons) (1,000 Kg/Ton)
= 1.6210526316 x 1012 Tons/year
= 4.4382002234 x 109 Tons/day

144 14,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
C = (------) (---------------) (---------) (----------) = 3,268,042.1053 Calories/Kg
342 lb Kg BTU

22 60,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal
H = (-------) (---------------) (---------) (----------) = 2,139,789.4737 Calories/Kg
342 lb Kg BTU

Total Heat Content = 5,407,831.5789 Calories/Kg