Solution to Global Warming (Part 20)

Deep down below the surface fishes take in Oxygen and discharge Carbon Dioxide for the Botanical organisms to consume. The Algae and Planktons take in Carbon Dioxide and discharge Oxygen for the plants the fishes to consume. There is a symbiotic relationship below the surface of in a similar manner as it is in the Atmosphere.

At certain instances a patient in the hospital bed may be served with oxygen from the Oxygen Tank and in similar manner we may induce additional Carbon Dioxide into the water in the ocean. To do this we need more fish inhabitants and to have more fishes, we need to have more plants for them to eat

To have more Plankton in the ocean water, we know that all the nutrients needed are there in great abundance in ocean water except phosphorus that serve as the limiting factor which presence is seemingly insignificant.

ABUNDANCE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN HYDROSPHERE AND IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Hydrosphere Atmosphere
Oxygen 85.79 Nitrogen 75.53
Hydrogen 10.67 Oxygen 23.02
Chlorine 2.07 Argon 1.40
Sodium 1.14 Hydrogen 0.02
Magnesium 0.14 Carbon 0.01
Calcium 0.05 Krypton 0.01
Sulfur 0.05 Xenon 0.005
Potassium 0.04 -------- --------
Nitrogen 0.01 -------- --------
Bromine 0.01 -------- --------
Carbon 0.01 --------- --------
Iodine 0.006 --------- --------
Iron 0.002 --------- --------
Phosphorus -------- --------- ---------
Remainder 0.002 Remainder 0.005
TOTAL 100.00% 100.00%

Obviously, it is Phosphorus that should be supplied into the sea water and definitely not Urea which a group of researchers dumped in Sulo Sea in the middle of October 2007.

In view of the fact that what is to be supplied into the sea is supplemental, the need is very minimal and there suggest the viability of the method. To come with quantification let us examine the relevance of the following details of a certain experiment. This episode is extracted from the scientific literary work by this same author in “Solution From Within” written in year 1995.

“It may be recalled that in a certain experiment conducted, the researcher prepared a large metallic confinement and have the same filled with soil materials, which have been quantified in terms of total mass and proximate chemical analysis. The water being feed into the root system of the plant as the subject of the experiment was thoroughly monitored of solids and soluble solid components and the drained water from the soil structure is carefully returned into the root systems of the plant.

After more than three years of growth, the plant was analyzed to have a total weight of more than 70 kilogram to include the trunk, branches, leaves intact and those that have fallen, roots and every bit of its rootlets. The findings revealed that for every 1,000,000 parts by weight of the plant, only a corresponding weight of the soil that was lost and absorbed by the plant amounted to 750 parts. In other words out of one ton or 1,000 kilogram of the bulk of the plant, only three fourth of a kilo is absorbed from the soil.”

Available data about the bodily component of geosperm reveals that phosphorus content is 0.005 percent or 50 parts per million while potassium constitute 0.006 percent of 60 part per million. Assuming that 50% of the Phosphorus compound that is applied in the ocean finally end up being consumed by Planktons,

Calcium Phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Ca = 40 x 3 = 120 62
P = 31 x 2 = 62 P = ------- = 0.213793
O2 = 32 x 4 = 128 290
Total 290

1,000 Gm
Ca3(PO4)2 = (--------------) = 4,677.419355 Gm
0.213793
To avail of one kilo of pure Phosphorus at 50% recovery, 9.354838 kg of Calcium Phosphate shall be applied. At 50 ppm of bodily component, one kilo of phosphorus will supplement all other nutrients that are abundant in sea water to produce 20,000 kg of Plankton. To round off the figures, one kilogram of Calcium Phosphate will yield 10,000 kg of Plankton

Recommended application method consist of the preparation of a one percent solution a have solution sprayed over the using a speed boat, It can be done once in every three days.

DAILY ADULT MINERAL REQUIREMENTS IN GRAMS
Potassium (K) = 3 Iron (Fe) = 0.014
Sodium (Na) = 2 Manganese (Mn) = 0.003
Chlorine (Cl) = 2 Copper (Cu) = 0.002
Phosphorus (P) = 1.3 Cobalt (Co) = 0.002
Calcium (Ca) = 0.45 Chromium (Cr) = 0.001
Magnesium (Mg) = 0.35 Selenium (Se) = 0.001
Iodine (I) = 0.015 Zn, Al, Si, F, = traces
TOTAL 11.115 0.023
GRAND TOTAL = 11.138


A = (149,500,000KM)2 (3.141592654)2.
= 220,588,125,823,053,085.74 KM2
= 2. 220,588,125,823,053,085.74 x 1018 KM2

2. 220,588,125,823,053,085.74 x 1018 KM2
Area Ratio = --------------------------------------------------
1.27377271123504 x 108 KM2

= 1.7433158257 x 1010

Energy from the Sun emitted to Earth’s Surface

E = 2.652170183293689077223160845 x 1021 Calories /Day





11. 5 ALGAE & CORAL GROWTH ENHANCEMENT & PRESERVATION

11.5.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF MARINE LIFE SANCTUARIES

To implement this project, there must be a source of fund from highly industrialized countries like the United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada among others. The expenses may be charged to carbon dioxide credit program as may be provided in the Bali, Indonesia Accord that may be reached within the next two years.

Suggested Scheme of Development:

• A Marine Life Sanctuary with an average area of 10 Km2 shall be established along the shoreline at the interval of every 50 Kilometers.

• Each Marine Sanctuary shall be delineated with nylon rope with floating balls that are anchored to the sea bed.

• Each Marine Life Sanctuary will be provided with ten units of makeshift Coral Reefs made of 10 M x 10 M Concrete Structures to serve as the base upon which corals will start forming and at the same time a breeding place for marine life.

• Design of Coral Reef Makeshift shall includes concave crevices to trap dissolved oxygen that may be deposited at nighttime when water becomes cooler and release some of its dissolved oxygen. It must include the provision of small compartments to serve as hiding places of fingerlings.

• Each sanctuary will be off limit to any fishing activity and guarded by a duly commissioned caretaker, which will be under the supervision of the Local Government Unit.

• The shallow portions will be planted with Mangroves and other portions will be seeded with various varieties of algae.

Expected Out puts:

• Growth of algae will be enhanced and allowed to multiply to eventually occupy the entire area of the sanctuary purposely to sequester carbon dioxide while at the same time serves as a breeding ground.

• The formation of Corals will be initiated and be allowed to grow for life to absorb carbon dioxide while at the same time serves as breeding ground.

• The sanctuary will serve as a means regulate the impact of over-fishing that would result to higher fish production in ocean waters.

11.6 AGRICULTURAL WASTE PRESERVATION & UTILIZATION

11.6.1 TOTAL BAN ON BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE

• The global output of Agricultural Waste at the per capita of 4 Kg per day on dry basis will sum up to 9.052 gegatons annually that when burned will produce carbon dioxide that is equivalent to the weight of 27 cubic kilometers of water. This amount of carbon dioxide that is sequestered by agricultural plants within a year gets back into the Atmosphere when burned.

• The above magnitude of carbon dioxide is equivalent to roughly 7 parts per million or 1.86% of the total carbon dioxide in the Atmosphere.


11.2.5 SHREDDING FOR MULCHING MATERIALS

• When shredded and used mulching in the case of vegetable plantation or shredded and mixed into the cultivated soil, the farmers will retain the fertilizer component of Agricultural Waste to reduce the normal inputs of fertilizer. The soil being applied will increase its porosity, hygroscopic property and enhance the growth and propagation of soil bacteria.


11.2.6 STOCKPILING AND COMPOSTING

• The farmers may choose the option of having their agricultural Waste stockpiled and allowed to decompose. To enhance much faster decomposition, the materials may be wet with water that is duly inoculated with bacteria.

• The farmer may also have the option to produce methane by conducting the process in an airtight vessel with optimum inoculating medium being applied and utilize the methane for drying the harvested products.

11.7 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

11.7.1 HYDRO- POWER PLANTS

The Philippines has average annual rainfall that ranges from 1,800 mm to 2,600 mm which potential has not been fully tapped. The overall average of 2.2 meters of rainfall every year translates into a total supply of 660 cubic kilometers of water annually. To optimize the utilization of rainwater, contour canals can be constructed to hold the rain water for purposes of forest tree plantation, orchard plantation and upland farms. The runoff water from these canals can be collected in a series of dams and water impounding structures for small as well as large hydro-power plants.

To fully utilize the potential of rain water, artificial lakes can be constructed at the foot of every mountainous range to have sufficient of water for irrigation and fresh water fish ponds.


11.7.2 GEOTHERMAL PLANTS

The Philippines today ranks as the second largest in terms of power generation derived from the heat from the interior of the earth. With the total power generation that is equivalent to 16 percent of our total supply of electricity we rank second to that of the United States.

The Philippines needs to survey other potentially feasible areas for the development of more geothermal plants in order to be self sufficient in the supply of electricity without power generation powered by fossil fuel.


11.7.3 SOLAR ENERGY

The generation of electricity out of solar panels is far more expensive in terms of the initial cost but it serves special purposes especially to remote places where existing power lines is not available and would be too expensive to extend power lines in these remote areas. It also serves the needs in small islands where electricity is not available.

The idea of a linear paraboloid solar reflector could a good potential for generation of electricity which can be explored in the future. Superheated steam can be produced within a steel pipe where light reflected from mirror are made to focus upon a line defined by the steel pipe. For every square meter of mirror about 800 watts can be realized which is ten times greater than 80 watts generated by the solar panel.





In the Philippines, energy derived from Wind Mills is limited in scope and only available in location specific. Isolated units of Wind Mills are utilized for water pumping for the needs of households and in some cases for irrigation purposes. While the wind velocity in most part of the country is not suited for the operation of Wind Mills, there specific areas where wind power is available that could be harnessed for several months within a year.

The only structure of a series of Wind Mills that generates substantial power in the Philippines is the one installed the northern most part of the Island of Luzon. Some Wind Mills could be found in operation in the great plain of Luzon more specifically in the province of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Pampanga.


11.7.5 ORGANIC OIL EXTRACTION

• JATROPA
It seems that the oil extracted from the seed of Jatropa or tuba-tuba which is “Kasla” in Ilongo dialect is something that earned the interest of many businessmen. The latest claim being published about Jatropa is that production of ten tons of seed can be realized in every hectare annually. The seeds reportedly contain 30% oil so that a hectare would yield 3,000 liters per year. At P40 per liter, total production would amount to P120, 000 per hectare per year.

In so far as this Author is concerned the said claim is overstated by as much as ten times. A farmer would be lucky if he could harvest one kilo of seeds from every area of ten square meters within the plantation making a total harvest of only one ton per hectare for a total yield of P12, 000 per hectare per year

The process of oil extraction would probably cost 20% or the amount of P2, 400 per ton. Harvesting of the fruits is laborious because Jatropa fruit don’t ripen at the same time and a bit bulky to transport manually. Harvesting two tons of fruits that would yield one ton of seeds and hand carrying down the hills would probably cost P50. Per sack or a total of P2, 500 for 50 sacks. Transporting the fruits to the Processing Plant would probably cost P500 for two tons of fruits. Getting the seeds from husk of fruits from may be done by a machine which may cost another amount of P600. This leaves the farmer with an income of P6, 000 per hectare per year. If processing is delayed, the farmer’s expenses in harvesting and hauling may not be recovered.

The harvested seeds need to be processed immediately because if it is stored for four months more than 50% will disappear into the air. This is due to the fact that the oil consists of double bond organic acids that are easily oxidized which in the process are transformed into gaseous substances and get lost into the air. About a kilo of Jatropa seed that was left in a glass bottle vanished after six months. When the bottle with about 50 grams of sediment left was opened, poisonous gas that caused dizziness escaped
Jatropa has already claimed several lives of children who have eaten the oily seed many have landed in hospitals. Jatropa oil is poisonous and the resultant gas when oxidized is much more poisonous. Since the oil could easily be oxidized, the oil processor will have a problem in the storage of the oil product because he will not only incur losses but poison the environment. If harvesting of fruits is delayed, the size of the fruit is reduced because of oxidation. Therefore further research is needed before making any recommendation for its propagation and utilization as fuel.


• HANGA –HANGA TREE SEED OIL

Hanga-hanga Tree Seed oil is organic oil that is available in small bottles being sold as medicinal oil among herbalist near Quiapo Church in Manila City. The extract is a thick type of oil that is similar to diesel fuel oil derived from plants that do not grow tall. If propagated in large plantation, it may prove to be of greater yield than the Jatropa and of much better quality because it is medicinal while Jatropa is poisonous.


• COCONUT OIL

Coconut oil has been tested as a superior type of fuel oil but its market price as vegetable oil is about 50 percent higher than diesel fuel. Total annual production of coconut in the Philippines is 12 billion nuts with equivalent oil production of 3 billion liters or 12 million cubic meters. The bulk of coconut oil production at present is used in the manufacture of vegetable oil at 25% mixture with palm oil at 75%.

The Philippines used to be the primary source of coconut export in the world market which garners about 43% of the world supply.


11.7.6 ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCED BY FERMENTATION

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol can be produced from different types of fruit that are rich in fruit sugar known as fructose. It can be produced malt sugar known as maltose that is derived from grains such as rice, wheat, corn and other types of cereals. It can also be produced from sucrose being derived from cane sugar as well as from lactose of milk sugar.

CONVERSION OF TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES INTO ELECTRIC CARS

• DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUEL DEPOSIT

The annual consumption of petroleum, natural gas and coal all over the world at present, amounts to 362 quadrillion BTU which is equivalent to 2.95 cubic kilometers of gasoline.
ANNUAL TOAL DEPLETION
FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION RESERVE IN YEARS
Petroleum 3.625 Gegatons 162.5 Gegatons 37.5
Natural Gas 1.76 Gegatons 110.5 Gegatons 48.0
Coal 5.00 Gegatons 1,000 Gegatons 84.0

Consumption of fossil fuel is expected to increase by 2.25% per year so that on the 37th year from now consumption will increase 2.77 times greater compared to the present rate of consumption. The above figure clearly shows that all the fossil fuel deposits will be totally consumed within 40 years. It is therefore expected that the price of fossil fuel will double or triple within ten years from now.

Burning 1,273 Gegatons of fossil fuel within the next 40 years is impossible because 3,819 Gegatons of Carbon Dioxide will be added into the Atmosphere to increase its concentration by 954 parts per million which is 2.5 times greater than its present concentration. The fossil fuel deposit will never be consumed because more than half of the world population will die in the event of full blast Global Warming if no adequate measure is implemented.

It is therefore recommended that all efforts including research and fund resources must be focused on the manufacture of Electric Cars and Batteries and to completely ban cars that runs on fossil fuel.

XII. REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS

12.1 LAST CHANCE FOR CHANGE
The Readers Digest Association Inc. has recently published a very informative reference book on Climatic Change which is entitled “GLOBAL WARMING” “The Last Chance For Change”. The 313 page book written by Paul Brown, an environment correspondent for the Guardian newspaper for 16 years and has worked in newspaper journalism for more than 40 years. He traveled extensively to investigate environment problems and has attended many international conferences on environmental matters including the earth summit on Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg.

The Last Chance for Change contains more than 300 colored pictures that covered almost everything you would want to know about every important issue in Global Warming. According to Engr. Cieleto P. Establicida who lends the said book to this Author it cost him more than P3, 500 but it is worth buying for those who can afford.

The most important piece of information that the Author of “Facts & Figures in Global Warming” learned from “Last Chance for Change” is the fact that the effect in the increase of CO2 in the Atmosphere is delayed by about 30 years. With this information, it revealed that it takes 30 years for greater solar radiation to change the temperature of the ocean which is at the average depth of 3,700 meters. By computation, it reveals that the average thickness of 33.77 Cm of the surface water in the ocean is affected by the additional intensity of solar radiation.

The same information led us to discover that the ocean is the sensitive component of the earth in matters of climate change because it is in the ocean where heat may be stored and made to accumulate and eventually change the prevailing temperature at the earth’s surface. The Carioles Effect that produces the Gulf Streams constitute the mechanism that allows the heated surface water being brought down below and into the depth of the ocean to actuate the heat storage processes.

The same piece of information also paved the way for us to discover that the ocean is the product of the Intelligent Design in the process of creation. Inherent in such design is its ability to absorb exactly 2,600,000 Calories per day per square meter from Solar Radiation near the equator and utilizes exactly the same amount of heat to evaporate 4,000 grams of sea water into the atmosphere per day. However it is so sensitive that putting more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human activities in industry will trap the heat and pass on such heat into the depth of the ocean.

Solar intensity differ at different Latitudes of the earth such that corresponding rate of evaporation in a given Latitude releases the amount of heat that is exactly equal to the amount of heat being absorbed by water in that part of the ocean. The water in every part of the ocean directly absorbs heat from the sun in the amount that is equal to the amount released when a given amount of water is evaporated. The earth was created in perfect equilibrium but mankind came to destroy it.


Sugar from sugar cane is presently priced at P30 per kilogram and upon fermentation only one half liter of ethyl alcohol can be produced. The resultant ethanol produced from cane sugar would have a material input in the amount of P60 per liter which makes it a bit prohibitive. The more economically feasible raw mater in the production of ethanol is cassava which has the present market price of P15 per kilogram and corn which has a market price of P12 per kilogram.