Solution to Global Warming (Part 19)

LOWER VOLUME YIELD VALUE IN
AGE DIAM M3 BDFT PESO/TREE
YEARS IN CM
41 102.4215 6.418933 1,604.73 P80,236
42 103.6476 6.630504 1,657.63 P82,881
43 104.8337 6.843312 1,710.83 P85,541
44 105.9811 7.040499 1,760.12 P88,006
45 107.0910 7.260751 1,815.18 P90,759
46 108.1647 7.465112 1,866.26 P93,314
47 109.2033 7.666345 1,916.58 P95,825
48 110.1981 7.862457 1,965.61 P98,289
49 111.1701 8.057227 2,014.31 P100,715
50 112.1103 8.248650 2,062.16 P103,108
51 113.0990 8.453214 2,113.30 P105,665
52 113.8992 8.621182 2,155.29 P107,764
53 114.7503 8.802224 2,200.56 P110,027
54 115.5737 8.979808 2,244.95 P112,247
55 116.3702 9.201411 2,300.35 P115,017
56 117.1407 9.324296 2,331.07 P116,554
57 117.8861 9.491153 2,372.79 P118,639
58 118.6071 9.654489 2,413.62 P120,681
59 119.3041 9.814086 2,453.52 P122,676
60 120.0000 9.975185 2,493.80 P124,689.


Loblolly Pine
The loblolly pine is the species most frequently grown for timber production in the southeastern United States. Its wood is fragrant and resinous and has a wide range of uses, such as for building material, pulpwood, and fuel. The name loblolly means "large mud puddle" in Native American dialect, referring to the fact that loblolly pines thrive in wet areas.
Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited


11.2.2 APPLIED TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC STRATEGIES:

1. Seeds planted seven days before new moon to enhance the rapid growth of the roots system at the initial stage and to avail 24 hour photosynthesis when the foliage system starts to develop.

2. Seeds must have undergone optimum drying before germination or planting to enhance vigorous growth of young sprouts.

3. Seeds must be poured with simmering hot water and subsequently submerged under warm water at 450C for 4 hrs and then drained and covered with wet towel for the succeeding 16 hours before planting.

4. Seedling planted in pots of black plastic bags duly filled with 20% sandy loam soil and 80% saw dust or equivalent organic porous materials.

5. Water that is enriched with Propagated Bacteria with chicken manure solution as medium shall be used in periodic watering of once or twice a week.

6. Watering of seedling shall be done only on one side at a time and alternately on the other side to avoid starvation of nutrients due to the absence or very limited osmosis when the liquid concentration at the rootlets is abruptly reduced.

7. Seedlings must be provided with eastside and west side sunlight block walling maintained at six inches over and above the topmost icon at all times in order to accelerate the increase of upward growth and to avoid sprouting and growth of new branches.

8. Transplanting sites must be prepared by boring holes at 40 Cm in depth and 30 Cm in diameter made 1.5 M apart. The excavated soil is mixed with shredded organic wastes before the same is returned in the bore hole.

9. Transplantation must be made when the seedlings are at between 1.5 M and 2.0 M in height.

10. The area for transplantation is best prepared by planting corn together with ipilipil at the interval of 20 Cm. apart for purposes of growing ipilipil much taller and with minimum stems and branches.. Corn can be harvested after four months when ipilipil reaches almost the same height. Ipilipil plants provide shade and avoid the sprouting of branches of Lauan or other desired species of Timber Trees when planted.


DEVELOPMENT COST
FOREST MODULE COMPONENTS
One Forest Module: 1,200 hectares.(3 Km x 4 Km)
Ifra-development / Open Space 200 hectares
Allocated to 200 Farmers 1,000 hectares
Number of Family Settlers 200

TOTAL CAPITAL INPUTS
1. Principal Budgetary Inputs P198,500,000.00
2. Lending For Livelihood P 10,000,000.00
3. Management Staff (1st Year) P 10,000,000.00
4. Contingency P 14,428,000.00
TOTAL P230,000,000.00

Budgetary Inputs in Forest Trees P230,000,000.00
Budget For Orchard Plantation P 20,000,000.00
TOTAL BUDGET P250,000.000.00/Forest Module

Area Allocation:
• Infra – structure 200 ha.
• Water impounding & fire baffler 50 ha.
• Rough road construction 30 ha.
• Module Barangay Plaza 50 ha.
• Institutional Structures 10 ha.
• Open Space 10 ha.
Total Area 200 ha.

Resettlement Area 1,000 ha.
• Number of Family Beneficiaries 200
• Area per Family 5 ha.

Family Lot Allocation
• 1.0 hectare shall be developed as farmland
• 1.0 hectare for orchard
• 3.0 hectares for timber tree plantation



Farmland Area Allocation (10,000.0 M2)

Home Lot (40 M x 50 M) 2,000 M2 Annual Net
Livelihood Net .Area Total Area Production
• Fish Pond 30 M2 50 M2 P 6,000.00
• Poultry Raising 30 M2 50 M2 P12,000.00
• Swine Raising 30 M2 50 M2 P12,000.00
• Goat Raising 200 M2 200 M2 P12,000.00
• Livestock 200 M2 250 M2 P14.000.00
• Vegetable Garden 80 M2 100 M2 P12,000.00
• Root Crop 200 M2 200 M2 P12,000.00
• Herbal Garden 50 M2 50 M2 -------------
• Cottage 30 M2 50 M2 -------------
Total 2,000 M2 P80,000.00

11.2.3 THE NEW APPROACHES

• This Project Proposal intends to undertake reforestation all over the country by modular approach whereby one Forest Module consists of 1,200 hectares and its beneficiary will involve 200 families for each Forest Module. The program is to allocate 200 hectares for infrastructures that includes dearth roads and artificial lakes of impounded water among others and the allocation of 5 hectares for each of the 200 families or forest farm settlers. Forest farm will comprise of 60% of the allotted area for forest product because one hectare is for homestead and another hectare for orchard.

• The program is geared towards giving the Forest Farm Settlers the biggest share in the proceed from the forest farm and provide them the opportunity not just to economically survive but to enrich them and make them afford the luxury of life and best education for their children.

• The investors who will be allotted a share of 35% of the net proceed from timber tree plantation as well as in orchard plantation are expected to earn an income equivalent to 28.0% of the invested amount annually which would sum up to 640 times or 64,000 % in every cycle of 60 years.

• It is proposed the that sharing in the net proceed from one Farm Lot of 5 hectares with 3 hectares planted with tree shall be as follows:

Forest farm settler 40.0 % P184,288,398
Investors 35.0 % P161,252,349
Government (Taxes) 20.0 % P92,144,199
Forest Management Team 3.0 % P13,821,629
Capital Formation Investment Corporation 2.0.0 % P 9,214,420
Total 100.0 % P460,720,997.00

INCOME PER FAMILY LOT OF FIVE HECTARES
Timber 3.0 hectares 60 year cycle P433,064,317
Orchard 1.0 hectare 60 year cycle P108,660,079
Farm 1.0 hectare (Family Farm) ---------------
Total P541,724,396
Less Expenses P 81,003,398
Net Proceed P 460,720,997

The projected income of P320.0352 Million for every cycle of 60 years or the equivalent annual earning of P5.334 Million a year for every family that will settle in the forest is more than ten times the wages of a domestic who reportedly work for16 hours a day in foreign lands.

PROCEED FROM ONE FOREST MODULE OF 1,200 HECTARES
Forest farmer (200) 40.0% P43,337,951,680
Investors 35.0 % P 37,920,707,720
Government (Taxes) 20.0 % P 21,668,975,840
Forest Management Team 3.0 % P 3,250,346,376
Capital Formation Investment Corporation 2.0 % P 2,166,897,584
Total 100.0 % P108,344,879,200

Timber P 86,612,863,400 79.94 %
Orchard P 21,732,015,800 20.06. %
Total P108,344,879,200 100.00 %

The projected income of the investors in this Proposed Project that utilizes the latest “State Of The Art” of science and technology in Timber Tree farming, amounts to P68.10216 Billion in every cycle of 60 years or the equivalent earning of P1.135036 Billion a year. Investing P300 million in every Forest module and realizing a total income of 68.10216 Billion in 60 years would realize a profit that is 227 times the amount invested. The Investor’s annual income which is 3.783 times greater than the amount he initially invested, is a business venture that would not encounter any difficulty in sourcing for capital investment.

For the government to earn P38.91552 Billion from 1,200 hectares in every cycle of 60 years or the amount of P540,493 in taxes per hectare per year is the best approach in nation building considering that the said piece of land is at present denuded and idle one.
The Projected Schedule of cutting and harvesting the timber is distributed into four phases which is on the 10th year, 21st year, 40th year and 60th year for the first Batch of plantation which will be harvested by 50 %, 25%, 12.5% and 12.5% respectively in order to optimize the utilization of space. It shall be noted that there is a need to replant for the Second Batch the open space that would left vacant during the harvest of the First Batch and a need to replant for the Third Batch and so on

11.2.4 HARVESTING AND REPLENISHMENT

SUMMARY OF HARVEST
PER FARM LOT OF 5 HECTATES
WITH 3 HECTARES PLANTED WITH TIMBER TREES

FIRST BATCH (7,500 trees planted on 3.0 hectares)
HARVEST AGE OF NO. OF YIELD PER AMOUNT
PERIOD TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
First 15 3,750 P 12,149.00 P45,558,750
Second 30 1,875 P P49,325 P92,484,375
Third 45 937 P90,759 P85,041,183
Fourth 60 468 P124,689 P58,354,452
TOTAL 7,030 P281,438,760

SECOND BATCH (3,750 trees planted on 1.5 hectares )
AGE OF NO. OF YIELD PER AMOUNT
YEAR TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
30th 15 1,875 P12,149 P22,779,375
45th 30 937 P49,325 P46,217,525
60TH 45 468 P90,759 P42,475,212
TOTAL 3,280 P111,472,112

THIRD BATCH (1,875 trees planted on 0.75 hectares)
AGE OF NO. OF YIELD PER AMOUNT
YEAR TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
45th 10 937 P12,149 P11,383,613
60TH 21 468 P49,325 P23,084,100
TOTAL 1,405 P34,467,713

FOURTH BATCH (937 trees planted on 0.375 hectares)
AGE OF NO. OF PRICE PER AMOUNT
YEAR TREES TREES TREE IN PESO
45TH 10 468 P12,149 P5,685,732
TOTAL 468 P5,685,732


CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF HARVEST

YEAR 15TH 30TH 45TH 60TH TOTAL
1ST BATCH P45,558,750 P92,484,375 P85,041,183 P58,354,452 P281,438,760
2ND BATCH --------------- P22,779,375 P46,217,525 P42,475,212 P111,472,112
3RD BATCH --------------- --------------- P11,383,613 P23,084,100 P 34,467,713
4TH BATCH --------------- --------------- ---------------- P5,685,732 P 5,685,732
TOTAL P45,558,750 P115,263,750 P142,642,321 P129,599,496 P433,064,317

Average Income per year P7,217,738.62/Family Settler
Average Income per hectare per year P2,405,912.87


Forest Yield in 60 Year Cycle P433,064,317
Yield of Orchard in 60 Year Cycle P108,660,079
Total Yield/Family Lot of 5 Ha./60 yr, P541,724,396

Yield Per Module of 1,200 hectare P541,724,396 (200 Families)
P108,886,603,596

Available Forest Area in the Philippines 15,000,000 hectares
Number of Forest Module 12,500
Yield in 60 Year Cycle 12,500 (P108,886,603,596)
P1,361,082,544,950,000
Proceed/Year P1,361,082,544,950,000/60 years
P22,684,709,082,500


PER CAPITA INCOME FOR 100 MILLION FILIPINOS IN YEAR 2070
PCI P13,610,825
AVERAGE ANNUAL PCI P226,847


LAND & INFRA-STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

SURVEY AND MAPPING IN ONE FOREST MODULE OF 1,200 HA.
The entire area covered in one Forest Module needs to be subdivided and mapped,
primarily a topographic map that will define the locations of contour lakes, dearth road
alignment, timber tree plantation, orchard plantation and settlers farm lot.

The resultant survey and mapping will identify and define the property boundaries of individual lots allotted for each of the 200 settlers in one Forest Module.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P2.0 MILLION

LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
The entire area of 1,200 hectares covered by one Forest Module shall be soil sampled for analysis as to fertility, pH range, slope percentage, hygroscopic capacity and plasticity, porosity, organic content, sand and rock size distribution.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P6.5 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL CONTOUR LAKE
For every distance of 250 meters downstream, a contour lake with an average width of 3 meters and a depth of 1.5 meters will be constructed to be utilized both as fish pond and source for watering the plants during the dry season. One forest module is estimated to have a total water impounding volume of 216,000 M3 and with the development cost of P100.00/M3 meter, would require a budget that amounts to P21.6 million. Engineering Design must carefully consider the possibility of landslide accident. To include the construction of mini-dams in creeks the budget is estimated at P25 million.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P25 MILLION

PLANT WATERING PIPE LINES
Water lines connected to Contour Lakes will consist 500 M of one inch diameter PE pipes and five units of 100 M of one half inch diameter hose. The budget would be P25,000 per farm lot or the total amount of P5,000,000 for the entire Forest Module.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P5 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS DEARTH ROAD NETWORKS
A dearth road with a width of 4 meters shall be constructed to a total length of 24 kilometers for each and every Forest Module. A side strip of another 4 meters and a length of 10 meters will be constructed at the interval of 200 meters apart. The dearth road would be a snake shape along the side of the mountain constructed at the average distance of 500 meters apart. At the construction cost of P500.00 per meter the estimated cost of construction amounts to P12 million. To include the construction of culverts and some ripraps the budget is estimated to a total of P15 million.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P15 MILLION

ELECTRIC POWER LINES
Whenever possible, Electric Power lines shall be installed to 50 clusters of houses at four families per cluster. The total area of 4 km x 3 km per Forest Module would require a Transmission Line of approximately 50 km. At the unit cost of P100 per meter the estimated budget amounts to P5 million including 2 units of transformer.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: 5 MILLION

POTABLE SOURCE OF WATER
Each of the 50 clusters of houses shall allotted a budget of P200,000.00 for a total budget of P10 million in developing source of potable water from the different alternatives such as:
• Spring water development
• Deep Well boring & Construction
• Construction of Water Filtering Device
ESTIMATED BUDGET: 10 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF DWELLING COTTAGES
Each of the 200 farm settlers shall be allocated a budget of P25,000 each for the construction of dwelling cottages. The total allocated budget would amount to P5 million.
ESTIMATED BUDGET: 5 MIILION

MANAGEMENT INFRA-STRUCTURES
• Administration Building P 5 million
• Function Hall P 3 million
• Guest House P 2 million
• Motor Pool & Parking Shed P1 million
• Executive Quarters P3 million
• Worker Quarters P 2 million
• Kitchen & Dining Hall P 1 million
• Ware House P 2 million
• Laboratory P 1 million
• Clinic P 1 million
• Others P 4 million
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P25 MILLION

CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL HOUSES
• School Rooms 6 units P1.8 million
• Fences & Facilities P0.2 million
ESTIMATED BUDGET P2.0 MILLION

FISH SPAWNING NURSERY
1,200 M2 P1,000 P1.2 million
First year maintenance P0.3 million
ESTIMATED BUDGET: P1.5 MILLION

SUMMARY
SURVEY & MAPPING P 2,000,000.00
LAND SUITABILITY MAPPING P 6.500,000.00
ARTIFICIAL CONTOUR LAKES P25,000,000.00
DEARTH ROAD P15,000,000.00
CONTOUR CANALS P 6,000,000,00
PLANT WATERING PIPES P 5,000,000,00
ELECTRIC POWER LINE P 5,000,000.00
POTABLE WATE SUPPY P10,000,000.00
DWELLING COTTAGES P 5,000,000.00
ADMIN. INFRASTUCTURES P25,000,000.00
CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL P 2,000,000.00
FISH SPAWNING NURSERY P 1,500,000.00
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT NURSERIES P10,500,000.00
SOIL TILLING & CULTIVATION P 6,000,000.00
IPILIPIL & CORN SEEDS P 9,000,000.00
PLANTING OF SEEDLINGS P12,000,000.00
TRANSOPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS P24,000,000.00
CACAO & TIMBER TREE SEEDS P 6,000,000.00
LOAN TO FARM WORKERS P 7,200,000.00
ADMINISTRATIVE OPERATIONS (10 Years} P18,000,000.00
ENG’G DESIGN & FEASIBILITY STUDY P 3,600,000.00
CONTINGENSIES P 2,700,000.00
TOTAL P210,000,000.00

P210,000,000.00
DEVELOPMENT COST = --------------- = P175,000.00/Hectare
1,200 Ha.

P210,000,000.00
DEVELOPMENT COST = -------------------- = P1,050,000/Lot
200 Lots

Projected income from the sale of firewood and fruit yield will be channeled to finance the planting of trees for the maintenance of the operations and planting of seeds and transplanting of the seedlings trees for the succeeding batch that will take place 15 years thereafter.

BATCH EXPENSES SECOND THIRD FOURTH: TOTAL
1. Seedling Preparation P 6,000,000 P3,000,000 P1,500,000 P10,500,000
2. Soil Tilling & Cultivation P 3,000,000 P1,500,000 P 750,000 P 5,250,000
3. Seedling Transplanting P12,000,000 P6,000,000 P3,000,000 P21,000,000
4. Canal Retouch P 3,000,000 P3,000,000 P3,000,000 P 9,000,000
TOTAL P24,000,000 P13,500,000 P8,250,000 P45,750,000

Initial Investment = P 210,000,000
Management Expenses ( 60 Years P1,800,000) = P 108,000,000
Replanting & Maintenance (P45,750,000 (2) ) = P 91,500,000
Harvesting & Hauling Expense (15%) (P108,886,603,596) = P16,332,990,539
Total = P16,742,490,539

Percent Expense = P16,742,490,539 / P108,886,603,596 (100)
= 15.376 %

Net Proceeds = P108,886,603,596 (84.624%)
= P 92,144,199,427

Net Proceed/ Lot = P 92,144,199,427/200
= P 460,720,997


CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTERING CAPACITY OF GREEN IMAGERY PROJECT
LOWER UPPER TIMBER VOLUME PERCENT
AGE DIAM DIAM. LENGTH CUBIC ANNUAL
YEARS IN CM IN CM METERS METERS INCREASE

15 50.9795 20.3918 9.7175 0.971922 17.261
14 47.9762 19.1905 9.3571 0.828856 19.056

30 85.8727 34.3491 13.9047 3.946006 6.063
29 84.0470 33.6168 13.6856 3.720439 6.409

45 107.0910 42.8364 16.4509 7.260751 3.128
44 105.9811 42.3924 16.3093 7.040499 2.881

60 120.0000 48.0000 18.0000 9.975185 1.641
59 119.3041 47.7216 17.9165 9.814086 1.653

15 years old 62.670938 Gm/M2/day
30 years old 49.405504 Gm/M2/day At 14 -15 years of age, the increase in volume is 0.143066 M3 or 391.693361 Gram per day per 6.25 M2.which is 62.670938 Gm/M2/day; computed at the specific gravity of 1.0. At age 15, 50% of Timber Tree Plantation will be harvested and each of the remaining trees will have available sunshine of 12.5 M2.Computation shows that the rate of growth at 29 to 30 years of age the tree grows by as much as 49.405504 Gm/M2/day.

At age 44 -45 years, 50% of the existing trees is harvested leaving all the big trees to five meters apart from each other resulting to a growth rate of 24.120684 Gm/M2/day. It will be observed that while the 45 year old trees grows at the rate of 24.120684 Gm/M2/day only there are trees that are 30 years old below it and under the 30 year old trees there are trees that are 15 years of age. At this stage of development, the total vegetative growth would be:

45 years old 24.120684 Gm/M2/day
Total 136.197126 Gm/M2/day

Km2 Growth = 136.197126 Gm/M2/day (106)/1,000,000
= 136.197126 Tons/Km2/day

Take note that what is accounted in the above illustration is lumber component of the trunk of the trees. To account for the total bulk of the trees, the following is presented:
Tree trunks = 136.197126 Tons/Km2/day
Branches & Stems“20 %” = 27.2394252 Tons/Km2/day
Leaves existing”5 %” = 6.8098563 Tons/Km2/day
Fallen leaves “75 %” = 102.1478445 Tons/Km2/day
Total = 272.394252 Tons/Km2/day
= 272.394252 Gm/M2/day

It is shown that the Carbon Dioxide sequestering capacity of Green Imagery Project at 272.394252 Gm/M2/day is more than five times that of the rice or corn plantation and even more than nine times the average existing forest growth. At 40% moisture content the amount of .pure organic component is:

Organic Component = 272.394252 Tons/Km2/day (0.60)
= 163.4365512 Tons/Km2/day
= 59,695.2003258 Tons/Km2/year



342 384 528 198
C12H22O11 + 12 O2 = 12 CO2 + 11 H2O

C12 = 144 528
H22 = 22 CO2 = --------- (9.0 Gm) = 1.3895 Gm
O11 = 176 342
Total 342

Based on the above equation and computation every kilogram of organic matter on dry basis that is formed would sequester 1,3895 kilograms of Carbon Dioxide. Therefore the Carbon Dioxide sequestering capacity of the Green Imagery Project upon reaching 45 years would be 82,946.480853 tons per Km2 per year. To plant a target of 4 million square kilometers all over the world, the CO2 that can be sequestered would be 331.785923 gegatons per year.

Since that 1 ppm of the atmosphere is equal to 4.141733 billion tons, the amount of CO2 that can be sequestered per year would be equivalent to:

331.785923 gegatons per year
Ppm = ----------------------------------- = 80.10 ppm/year.
4.141733 billion tons

With this data and the technology that we will be using, our target may be reduced from four million square kilometers to just one million square kilometers.



11.3 METHANE ELIMINATION PROJECT

The science community in all parts of the world claims that the adverse effect of methane to the environment is 21 times that of Carbon Dioxide. They further claim that it would it would take about ten years before methane can be eliminated from the Atmosphere by natural process. The worse thing with Methane is that it does not only absorb heat in the same manner as the CO2 but it also destroys the Ozone Layer.

Today, there is about 49.3 billion tons of Methane in the Atmosphere. Methane is the main component of Liquid Petroleum Gas “LPG” comprising about 80%. At the present market price of P50/kg the total Methane in the Atmosphere amounts to P2.4 quadrillion or $54 Trillion which is six times greater than the Gross National Product of the United States.

The chief source of Methane in the atmosphere is the product of fermentation of agricultural wastes, decaying solid waste or garbage, septic tank in every household, fermentation of animal waste and farthing of horses and cows. The load Methane in the Atmosphere is approximately 10.6 ppm which 2.82 % of the total Carbon Dioxide but its adverse effect to enhance Global Warming is about 60% as much as Carbon Dioxide.

Most environmentalist focus their attention to Carbon Dioxide but within the next 20 years the effect of methane would be as much if not greater than CO2. It has been observed that the rapid increase in population that correspondingly produces all types of waste is the main factor that accelerates the Methane deposit in the Atmosphere. In recent years, Methane increased by 151% from 0.701986 ppm in 1750 to 1.761986 ppm. in 2005 by virtue of rapid increase of population and industrialization. During the last 255 years, about 4.39 billion tons of methane has been added into the density of methane in the atmosphere.

To minimize annual methane deposit into the Atmosphere, this Author conducted special studies about methane and came up with the process on how to contain the production of methane gas. The solution is contained in a Feasibility Study on the Manufacture of fertilizer out of organic waste with the use of cultured and propagated bacteria. To facilitate the propagation and reaction of bacteria on solid waste, there is a need to heat the substrate and to maintain its temperature at 42 0C. The methane produced within the digester is being fired to produce heat so that no methane escapes and be deposited into the Atmosphere.

Burning a ton of Methane will produce 2.75 tons of Carbon Dioxide but if the adverse effect of Methane is 21 times greater than CO2, we tend to reduce the total effect by as much as 6.636 times if we burn methane. The said Feasibility Study was submitted to Madam Emilita Kare, the former Mayor of Malinao, Albay in the Bicol Region of the Philippines sometime in the middle of October 2007.

The recommended method of manufacture is safe to the environment because the air within the processing plant is utilized in burning methane gas and made to pass through heat exchangers before releasing into the atmosphere.
The bulk of the resultant heat recovered in burning methane is utilized in optimum drying of organic wastes before applying the liquid inoculant to allow the bacteria get into the inner pores of organic wastes and therefore hasten the reaction inside the digesters.

Part of the heat recovered is utilized in heating the water being feed into the hydro-pulping tanks.

MATERIAL COMPONENT OF INOCULATING MEDIUM
Ingreients Quantity Unit Cost Total
• Chicken Manure 2,000 kg P 4.00 P8,000.00
• Enzyme 2 kg P200.00 P 400.00
• Seaweeds 4 kg P 20 P 80.00
• Ammonium Sulfate 4 kg P 20 P 80.00
• Condensed Milk 10 Cans P 25 P 250.00
• Sugar 4 kg P 30 P 120.00
• Recycled Stock 2,000 kg ---------- ------------
Total per Tank 4,017 kg P8,930.00


- This project undertaking is designed to protect the environment by getting rid of the expected emission of 40 tons or 61,500 M3 of methane that would otherwise be deposited into the atmosphere annually. This amount of methane that will spare the environment of supposedly added pollutants is equivalent to the damaging effect of 840 tons or 469,930 M3 of carbon dioxide annually.

- In addition to providing a venue to spare the environment of the supposedly huge methane deposit into the atmosphere annually, it would likewise spare the environment of 19,761 tons 110.55 cubic kilometers of carbon dioxide had garbage been burned as what traditionally happen. To include saving the environment from methane gas that is equivalent to the destructive effects of 840 tons or 469,930 M3 of carbon dioxide, the total effects by which the environment will be spared amounts to 20,601 tons or 111.01 Km3 of carbon dioxide.


• EXPECTED “GHG” EMISSION REDUCTION

- The burning of 40 tons of methane that is recovered annually which is worth P1.6 million to dry the material requirement of the plant, will actually emit 110 tons of carbon dioxide but saving the environment of methane emission into the atmosphere by the equivalent of 840 tons of carbon dioxide would translate into a net savings of Credit Emission Reduction equal to 730 tons of CO2 annually.

- The above savings that is equivalent to 730 tons of carbon dioxide emission does not include 19,761 tons of carbon dioxide that would have been produced and deposited into the atmosphere had garbage or solid waste been burned as traditionally done. The whole scheme of environmental protection would actually save the environment at the net Credit Emission Reductions “CERs” of 20,491 tons of carbon dioxide emission annually.

- At $3.00 per ton that may be extended by the host country which could most likely be Japan or the United States, it will generate added income of $61,473. Subtracting the membership fee of $20,000 U.S. Dollars, it would deliver a net additional income of $41,473 which amounts to Php1,888,285 at Php 45.00 exchange rate to a U.S.dollar.

- The application and processing of papers over the claim CER’s from the United Nation solicit the services of the Japanese firm registered under the name Mitsubishi UFG Securities Co. Ltd. with official address at 2-4-1 Marunauchi, Chiyoda-ku , Tokyo 100-6317, Japan.

-
PROJECT OBJECTIVE

• The five main objectives of this project undertaking are:

- To engage in a highly viable economic endeavor within the framework of sustainable development and at the same time help mitigate if not completely solve the problem of garbage disposal in the municipality of Malinao in the province of Albay and neighboring communities.

- To provide solution to the common and existing undesirable practices within the community as well as that of the entire country to burn organic waste that adds carbon dioxide and other Green House Gases “GHG” into the atmosphere.

- To convert organic wastes contained in the disposed garbage into organic fertilizer utilizing the latest “State Of The Art” in science and technology in enzymatic and bacterial propagation and subsequent used as inoculating medium in the method of processing as a means to increase the economic viability of the project and at the same time augment the productive capacity of the farmers.

- To provide a means by which the pollutant effect and consequences of solid waste including the emission of methane is completely contained in the method of the processing employed and instead of allowing the resultant methane accumulates into the atmosphere more methane is produced and burned to generate heat and be utilized in optimally drying the raw materials before subsequent manufacturing processes.

- To allow maximum production of methane and consequently burned as a means to reduce the possible methane emission when applied into the soil as fertilizer because the easily convertible component of solid waste into methane has been made to proceed exhaustively.


METHANE SEQUESTRATION PROJECT

It is proposed that Investigative Research be conducted to determine if METHANE gases present in the Atmosphere will react with Calcium Hydroxide to produce Calcium Carbonate and Water as shown in the following Chemical Reaction:

CaO + H2O + = Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 + CH4 + 2O2 = CaCO3 + 3H2O

The rate by which the reaction proceed must be studied and the result will used to determine if CaO or lime powder could be used in seeding to induce precipitation for rainmaking. If this is possible, we can induce the precipitation of clouds into rain and at the same time sequester methane from the Atmosphere.

We would be wondering why plenty of CaCO3 are found being deposited in many parts of the world but we do not seemingly care how Carbon atom happened to enter into the reaction. Therefore this experiment is worth trying.


11.4 ARGON EXTRACTION PROJECT



Specific Heats of Some Common Substances
Specific heat measures the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Centigrade degree. Water has a particularly high specific heat, which means that more heat must be added to water than to most other substances to raise its temperature. It takes very little heat to raise the temperature of gold.
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The heat capacity of Argon is 20,000 Joules/Mole-K at 250C
Atomic Weight of Argon = 39.948
One Mole of Argon = 20 J/ 4.18 = 4.784.668995 Calories/Mole
Sp. Heat = 4.784 Cal/ 39.948 = 0 .119772929 Call/Gm. At 25 0C

Of all the Green House Gases, the most viable component that may be extracted from the Atmosphere is Argon by virtue of the fact that Argon is the third most abundant component of the Atmosphere and plus the fact that its amount is practically constant. Argon, which is the product of the decay of radio-active isotope of potassium, could only escape into the atmosphere in case of volcanic eruptions.

PROPERTIES Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Atomic Number 2 10 18 36 54 86
Atomic Weight 4.002602 20.179 39.948 83.80 131.29 222.20
Density “Air” 0.1370 0.3557 1.38 3.708 4.22 9.97
Melting Point -272 0C - 249 0C -189 0C -157 0C -112 0C -71 0C
Boiling Point -270 0C - 246 0C -187 0C -153 0C -107 0C - 62 0C
Specific Heat ------- -------- 0.124318 ---------- ---------- --------
Ppm 2.4154 0.0176 14,000.0000 100.0000 50.0000 1.0000

The overall effect of Argon in retaining heat which is contributory to Global Warming remains at 30% that of Carbon dioxide. The significant advantage of extracting Argon is that it whatever amount of Argon is removed; it does not go back into the atmosphere. The process of Argon extraction is a bit expensive but the process may be optimized with the employment of heat exchangers in the process.


PROPERTIES Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Atomic Number 2 10 18 36 54 86
Atomic Weight 4.002602 20.179 39.948 83.80 131.29 222.20
Density “Air” 0.1370 0.3557 1.38 3.708 4.22 9.97
Melting Point -272 0C - 249 0C -189 0C -157 0C -112 0C -71 0C
Boiling Point -270 0C - 246 0C -187 0C -153 0C -107 0C - 62 0C
Specific Heat ------- -------- 0.124318 ---------- ---------- --------
Ppm 2.4154 0.0176 14,000.0000 100.0000 50.0000 1.0000

The process of extracting Argon from air consists of a series of cooling by means of a vacuum pump until the temperature below its boiling point is attained. Since that the boiling point of Argon is -187 0C or 86 0K, Argon’s boiling point is higher than that of Nitrogen and Oxygen which boiling points are -196 0C and -218 0C respectively. When Argon reached its liquefaction temperature, oxygen and nitrogen gases may be released from the confined vessel leaving behind Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon in their liquid form.

Liquified inert gases to include Argon may be collected in a duly sealed metallic container and buried under the ground. It will stay there for hundreds of years.

To liquefy Argon all component of the Atmosphere needs to be subjected to cooling to about -200 0C To cool atmospheric gases down to this temperature, there is a need to remove 50 calories for every gram. Since that Argon constitutes but 1.4 % of air, to extract a gram of Argon about 3,572 Calories is needed. The heat content in a liter of gasoline can extract no more than 2,384 grams of Argon.
11.5 OCEAN WATER FERTILIZATION PROJECT

BIOELEMENT COMPOSITION OF ORGANISMS AND LITHOSPHERE IN
PERCENTAGES

Mammals Gymnosperms Lithosphere

Oxygen 62.430 Carbon 53.960 Oxygen 47.33
Carbon 21.150 Oxygen 38.650 Silicone 27.74
Hydrogen 9.860 Hydrogen 6.180 Aluminum 7.85
Nitrogen 3.100 Aluminum 0.065 Iron 4.50
Calcium 1.900 Silicon 0.057 Calcium 3.47
Phosphorus 0.950 Sulfur 0.052 Sodium 2.46
Potassium 0.230 Iron 0.030 Potassium 2.46
Sulfur 0.160 Nitrogen 0.030 Magnesium 2.24
Chlorine 0.080 Calcium 0.007 Titanium 0.46
Sodium 0.080 Potassium 0.006 Hydrogen 0.22
Magnesium 0.027 Phosphorus 0.005 Carbon 0.19
Iodine 0.014 Magnesium 0.003 Phosphorus 0.12
Fluorine 0.009 Chlorine 0.002 Sulfur 0.12
Iron 0.005 Sodium 0.001 Manganese 0.08
Bromine 0.002 Fluorine 0.001 Barium 0.08
Aluminum 0.001 Manganese 0.001 Fluorine 0.07
Silicon 0.001 --------- -------- Chlorine 0.06
Manganese 0.001 --------- -------- Copper 0.03
---------- --------- --------- -------- Nitrogen 0.02
---------- --------- --------- -------- Strontium 0.02
Others Traces Traces --------- Others 0.48

TOTAL 100.000% 100.000% 100.00%

Before we make any attempt to find ways and means to enhance the Carbon Dioxide sequestering ability of the ocean we must be reminded first that the ocean was created in accordance with the Intelligent Design. Next we will discover that the ecosystem in the ocean is well balanced and continues to maintain equilibrium within its own sphere of influence. Now, since mankind instituted a change for its interest and survival, we are in a way obligated to provide remedial measures.

We may start looking at the ocean in terms of ecological balance. The surface water as we have explored contains dissolve gases that are seemingly so small in quantity but these are optimum values for botanical and zoological ecosystem in the ocean. I contains 18 ppm of Carbon Dioxide by volume to nourish the plants and at the same time it likewise contain about 18 ppm of Dissolved Oxygen by volume to nourish the zoological inhabitants. The concentration of 18 ppm by volume of Carbon dioxide is equivalent to 0.0647819 ppm by weight at 2.0 Atmospheric Pressure. On the Other hand.18 ppm of Oxygen by volume is equivalent to 0.04711409 by weight at 2 Atmospheric Pressure.