Solution to Global Warming (Part 17)

8.6.2 INTRINSIC NATURE AND ANATOMY OF WATER

8.6.2.1 SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MOLECULE OF WATER
• At a diameter of 3.1028755 x 10-8 Cm, there are 32.22817 million molecular particles of water that can be arranged closely in a row and be made to fit in between the distance of one centimeter. If and when the diameter of a molecule of water is enlarged to one millimeter, one millimeter being enlarged into the same magnitude of enlargement would become 32.228 kilometers.

• In Accordance with Avogadro’s Number, there are 6.02 x 1023 molecular particles in 18 grams (18 Cm3) of water. Water is composed of an atom of oxygen with atomic weight of 16 and two atoms of hydrogen with atomic weight of 1 for each of the two hydrogen atoms for the total of 18. The total amount of water in the ocean estimated at 1,347 billion Km3 would therefore contain 4.50496 x 1049 molecules of water.

• If we can only see what’s inside a molecule of water, what we would find is a nucleus of oxygen consisting of 8 protons and 8 neutrons closely attached to each other. Enlarging all linear dimensions of particles by 38,673,804 times for us to be able to see, the diameter of proton as well as neutron would be 1.2 Cm each and the diameter of space occupied by 16 particles would be about 4.0 Cm. This magnitude of enlargement would put the diameter of electron at one millimeter each while a length of one (1) mm would be blown to 38.673 Km.

• With the same magnitude of enlargement, the molecule of water would be about 1,395.2 M in diameter. Now we could therefore see water in full view with a nucleus of 4 Cm in diameter. About 200 meters away, there are two revolving electrons at one millimeter in diameter and further away at about 450 meters from the center, there are 6 electrons of oxygen and two electrons for a total of eight of the same sizes that are likewise revolving around the nucleus together with two protons of hydrogen protruding outside at the total distance of about 697.5 meters away from the center.

• Now we could find vast amount of empty space within the molecule of water where the empty space is 1.6 x 1015 times greater than the space being occupied. This molecular configuration show that the molecule of water is the only molecule in existence that consists of one nucleus and therefore makes it very versatile in its function to include dissolving ability as universal solvent, miscibility, etc. for behaving as if it were an ionic atom.

• The nuclei of two atoms of hydrogen when the hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water molecule cease its function as a nucleus and to be at the center because in the event that its electron is attached to the outer shell, the positively charged proton is carried along by the electron in its revolution and it becomes a protruding object at the outer most part of water molecule. This makes water molecule as a whole positively charged that in some way repeals metallic elements and attracts or establish high affinity with negatively charged particles like those of dirt’s.
• The position at which the two atoms of hydrogen attached themselves to the atom of oxygen and to have shared electrons is in such manner that the said hydrogen atoms form the angle of 105 degrees as reckoned to the nucleus. After having been attached, the shared electron revolves around the nucleus of oxygen and its electron carries the proton, which is the original nucleus of hydrogen. The proton then rotates around its axis while being carried.


8.6.3 HOW WATER IN OCEAN IS BEING CREATED

8.6.3.1 WATER IN THE OCEAN

• The ocean with a total area of about 285,070,313.1 Km2 or 71 % of the total surface area of the earth registered at 401,507,483.2 Km2 contains 1,347 billion Km3 of saline water that results to an average depth of 4,725.15 M. This includes the ice in the Polar Region.

• Total fresh water amounts to 12,045,224.5 Km3 or about 3.0% of the total water on earth. About 208,000 Km3 of water is evaporated and falls as rain, sleets and snowballs annually while total water in clouds amounts to approximately the average of 34,200 Km3 at anytime. Underground water to include the soil-permeated component may be placed at 80% (9,636,000 Km3) of total fresh water while the rest are in lakes and rivers.

• Taking into account that from red-hot earth with no single molecule its surface became cooler 4 billion years ago, the rate of water formation would amount to 336.75 Km3/yr or 10,670 M3 per second. Water in the ocean therefore increases in depth by I.0 mm for every 846.5 years.

• By virtue of the Phenominal Self Organization that evolves from the Great Creator, Morphogenetic Energy Field came to exist that in effect, the cosmic particles coming from billions and billions of emitting stars including exploding nebulae in the outer space caused the formation of hydrogen atoms. The electrons and protons in cosmic emission interact each other to produce hydrogen. Consequently, hydrogen gets its oxygen from embedded oxides in metallic compounds in the form of rocks to form into water.

• Always remember that creation is a continuous process water is added into the ocean by more than 10,000M3 per second and that the universe undergo ongoing expansion at the rate of 200,000 kilometers and new stars together with their planets evolve every.



8.6.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

8.6.4.1 WATER AS BASIS OF MEASUREMENT

• The unity has become the basis of all linear measurements which reckoned to the volume of water at 40C. It must be noted that the volume of water increases as its temperature is raised and like also increases as its temperature is decreased down and below from 4.00C. This very unique characteristic of water to have its smallest volume at 4.00C makes it convenient as basis of measurements.

• One cubic meter of water at 4.00C is exactly 1,000 kilogram and a cubic decimeter is exactly one kilogram. It follows that one cubic centimeter weighs one gram and one cubic millimeter weighs one milligram.

• Temperature is proportionate to the intensity of the movements of molecules, which means that the faster the molecules move the hotter is the body. In the case of water its freezing point is zero degree (00C) Celsius, while boiling point at sea level or at one atmospheric pressure is 1000C.

• One calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. From zero degree, one hundred calories is needed by every gram of water to reach the boiling point.

• Water from zero degree Celsius to ice at the same temperature of zero degree Celsius, requires the infusion of 80 calories for its conversion from liquid to solid state and the same amount is to be removed in converting ice to liquid water. The 80 calories required is known as the heat of fusion.

• Liquid water at 1000C needs the addition of 970 calories to convert every gram of liquid water into a gram of water vapor at the same temperature of 1000C.This heat requirement known as the heat of evaporation does not change the intensity of the movement but rather strengthen or loosen the binding strength between the molecules.

• The temperature of ice can be lowered way below the zero while the temperature of steam can be raised way above 1000C whenever being superheated and confined in a vessel to have a corresponding increase in atmospheric pressure.

• The unit of degree Kelvin (0K) which is equal to the temperature in degree Celsius that is added with 273 because at – 2730C or 00K the vibration/oscillation of molecules would theoretically stop. In dealing with gases, three factors namely temperature, pressure and volume have definite relationships.


PAGE 181
• The general gas law PV= nRT holds true to gases where P is pressure in units of atmospheres, V is volume in liters, T is temperature in Kelvin, n is the mass of
substance expressed in the number of moles, and R is a gas constant equal to 0.082051282.

• In heat measurement, water is once again a basis for unity, in view of the fact that the specific heat of water is 1.00. Specific heat is the amount of heat expressed in calories that one-gram of a substance can hold per degree Celsius rise in temperature. For example, the Specific Heat of air is 0.25 while carbon dioxide is 0.45,


8.6.5 DID YOU KNOW TRIVIA

• Did you ever know that concrete cement is so hard because the binding substance in concrete is oxy-chloride radicals and water molecules?

• Did you ever realize that all the hydrogen component of 1.347 trillion Km3 of water in the ocean originated as protons and electrons emitted from billions and billions of stars in the outer space?

• Did you ever know that the highest annual rainfall of 26 M was recorded in Cherrupongi, India, with average rainfall of 16 M compared to what we have in the Philippines ranging from 1.8M to 2.6 M?

• Did you ever realize that annual rainfall in the deserts averages less 5 Cm. And that there are people living near the 300 latitudes who never experienced having seen rainfall all their lives or in their lifetime?

• Did you ever know that water is the only type of substance which molecule is composed of but one nucleus and therefore at times behave as if it were atoms?

• Did you ever realize that water dissociates into negative (OH-) or positive (H+) ions upon addition of electrolytes to produce the pH that expresses the degree of acidity or alkalinity?

• Did you ever know that one cubic centimeter of pure neutron particles, which is the same neutron found in water weighs about 100 million tons?

• Did you ever realize that water is absent in other eight planets of our solar system because it is only the earth where morhogenetic energy field of water formation exist?

• Did you ever know that there exist a one way undercurrent of ocean mass of water (1.5M/Sec.) that is more than 500 Km in width in the equator caused by the dragging effect of fluid mass of water with rigid component of the earth as it rotates around its axis at 464 M / Sec. and is known as Coriolis Effect?

• Did you ever know that the prevailing color of blood is blue and it only becomes more red than blue in arteries and whenever in direct contact with oxygen in air as in wounds?

• Did you ever know that chicken eggs being incubated would not hatched in case there occur a strong earthquake because the denser liquid is diluted in the process of shaking.

• As the saying goes, “A camel can travel for without food and water to drink across the dessert for several weeks but who would want to be a camel?”

IX. INTELLIGENT DESIGN OF EARTH & ITS SYSTEMS

9.1 DESIGN MAGNITUDE

9.1.1 The earth came to exist with a mass of 5.98 x 1021 Tons and at 149,500,000 KM away from the Sun to balance its Centrifugal force with gravitation pull between the earth and the Sum with a total mass of 1.99 x 1027 Tons for it to stay in its orbit at the velocity of 29.5 KM per second.

9.1.2 The earth is designed to have a specific gravity of 5.76 and equatorial radius of 6,378.15 KM to have its gravitational field that is sensitive to the mass of gases extends to a distance of 120 KM known as the Van Allen Belt. Everything within the Allen Belt is part of the earth and moves at the same velocity with the rigid and solid mass of the earth around the sun.

9.1.3 The trajectory of the earth while in revolution around the sun follows an elliptical route instead of a perfect circle so that the earth is tilted from the position of the sun by 23.5 degree angle. The tilting of the earth with respect to the sun is so important to balance the heating of the earth surface for every cyclic period of one year which defines the dry season from the rainy season.

9.1.4 The earth is designed to rotate around its axis every cyclic period of 24 hours to have darkness for about 12 hours and sunny day of another 12 hours. It is designed to have a given point on the equatorial surface travel at the velocity of 464 meters per second in order to create a one way undercurrent of 1.5 meters per second at the equator from the drag produced by liquid component with respect to the rigid and solid component of the earth to regulate the earth’s temperature.

9.1.5 The one way underwater current known as Coriolis Effect is a colossal hydrodynamic and thermodynamic device created to balance the temperature of the earth by moving the warm water from the equator to the North Pole and also to the South Pole for cooling and to warm the North Pole and South Pole from excessive freezing.

9.1.6 The earth was designed to have a cyclic climate provided by the tilt of the earth to regulate the excessive growth and multiplication of various species of animals and other zoological life to serve as check and balance and to preserve biodiversity on earth.

9.1.7 The different molecules in the atmosphere were so designed at such very minute particle to have very minimal effect of gravitation and at the same time were designed to repeal each other and behave in accordance with the General Gas Law.

9.1.8 The particles of molecules in the atmosphere were designed to move at the velocity of about 497 meters per second to 1,800 meters per second at the temperature of 0 0C for them to collide each other and to expand by two times its given volume for every temperature gradient of 273 0K degrees Kelvin or whenever their velocities are doubled.

9.1.9 The earth is designed into two kingdoms consisting of the Animal Kingdom “zoological existence “and the Plant kingdom “botanical existence” in a manner that both are symbiotic to each other. Plants give off oxygen that is needed by animals for their circulatory system to support their life and exhale carbon dioxide that is likewise needed by the plants in their circulatory system to support their life.

9.1.10 The water that constitutes about 70 % of the body of all living organisms are so designed that they collide each other because of their individual independent movements but are held together with each other by virtue of the affinity upon one another that as a result makes it a good solvent and medium of transport system.

9.1.11 All living organisms are endowed with the attributes of consciousness for self defense and self preservation, undergo adaptation and mutation to improve the specie and become vital part of creation and evolution.

X. NEW THEORIES AND CONCEPTS IN GLOBAL WARMING

10.1 THE ROLE OF INERT GASES

The inert gases which are likewise known as the Royal Gases, that exist in the atmosphere consist of Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. The aggregate weight of all these gases is less than 2.0% of the total weight of the atmosphere and they have practically no activity except to expand when heated and contract when cooled.

They are the lazy elements listed in the Periodic Table with their corresponding atomic number 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, and 86 respectively. They are branded as lazy elements because they do not readily react nor they combine with other elements except in a very rare and extraordinarily exceptional case. They are inert by virtue of their relative atomic structure whereby their outermost shell of electrons is totally filled up to the optimum limit which is two for the first which is helium and eight for the rest of five others. By virtue of electron saturation of the outermost shell being prescribed by the octet rule of the combining power, they have no electron to give and no space where an electron may be received so that their valences or combining power is zero.

While they are all lazy and non-reactive, it follows that they are not by themselves toxic. However, their presence in high concentration will inhibit other atoms that may end up in suffocation or oxygen starvation for zoological life and carbon dioxide starvation for botanical life. While they are all lazy and non-reactive, their bodily constituents can absorb as well as release heat.

Argon is commercially manufactured out of separation process of liquid air made by a series of cooling processes until their liquefaction temperature is reached. The cooling processes consists of Mechanical Expansion of gases in a confined vessel by allowing the compressed gas to pass through the throttle where gases cool as it expands and the series of such compression and cooling reduce to as low as the liquefaction temperature.

When the liquefied air is allowed to escape from the vessel through a small hole, the first to evaporate among the Royal Gases is Helium with a boiling point of -2700C followed by Neon at -2460C. The two is followed by Nitrogen and Oxygen at the boiling point of -1960C and -1830C respectively. The next is Argon and Krypton at the boiling point of -1870C and -1530C respectively. Xenon boils at -1070C while Radon at -620C.

Radon at the Boiling Point of – 62 0C and followed by Xenon at – 107 0C. Krypton and Argon follows at the boiling points of -153 0C and -187 0C respectively. Neon and Helium will evaporate at -2460C and -2700C respectively. Oxygen will evaporate ahead of Argon at -1830C while Nitrogen will evaporate ahead of Neon at -1960C

10.2 THE NEW & CONTROVERSIAL THEORIES BY THE AUTHOR

10.2.1 THE ARGON THEOREM

THEOREM NO.1

“TWO LARGE MOUNTAIN BARRIERS ON BOTH SIDES OF A PLAIN COULD TRAP THE ARGON AND CARBON DIOXIDE DURING SUMMER THAT ATTRIBUTES TO PERSISTENTLY HIGHER TEMPERATURE WITHIN SUCH REGION;”

The new and emerging theory being pursued by this author is the contention that inert gases more particularly Argon, plays a significant role in Global Warming and that relevant researches should be made about Argon as a way to avert Global Warming. Argon which consists of about 1.2834% of the total weight of the atmosphere is equivalent to 12,834 parts per million “ppm” which is 35.16 times greater than the total weight of Carbon Dioxide at 365 parts per million ”ppm” being tagged by scientists as the main culprit in Global Warming. Aside from being many times greater in amount, Argon has an atomic weight of 39.948 or molecular weight of 79.896 compared to the molecular weight of Carbon dioxide at 44 grams per mole and air at 28.86.

As this line is being encoded here in Tuguegarao City which is the hottest spot all over the country, it was reported last night, 20 April 2007 that the temperature here was registered at 39.0 0C and predicted to be at the same level again for today. In many occasions the temperature in Tuguegarao City rises to as much as 420C to 430C. For more than three years that this Author stayed in the provinces of Isabela and lately in Cagayan, he used to have been prompted every now and then to find the reason why Tuguegarao City became the hottest spot in the country.

Eventually, he came out with the theory that the place is in high concentration of Argon along with likewise higher concentration of Carbon Dioxide that made Tuguegarao City distinctively much hotter than the rest of the country. Principally, it is the chemical element known as Argon that increased in concentration beyond its normal level brought about by the fact that Argon used to have been accumulated every Summer Time. The cause of Argon accumulation could be brought about by the pair of mountain ranges at the eastern side and also at the western side that serve as solid barriers or walling structures that created a trap for Argon.

Argon is similar to carbon dioxide that is concentrated at the lowest strata of the atmosphere by virtue of their much higher density compared to that of air. Once Argon is carried by air current and enters the plain of Cagayan Valley and Isabela, it stays there and continues to accumulate in quantity while being trapped. In the process, more heat is reflected to the ground and at the same tine more heat is absorbed and radiated in every direction.

During hot summer, the wind blows in the general direction form west to east or from the China Sea towards the Pacific Ocean which is opposite to that of the Intercontinental Tropical Convergence Zone. From China Sea the wind with its Argon content traverses across the mountains of Ilocos Provinces in ascending manner to enhance very minimal cooling effect but since no significant air movement takes place in Cagayan Valley temperature is built up.

It is generally hot during summer because the wind that moves from east to west along the five degree latitude forms a much smaller circular movement thereby building up much higher temperature in the process.

Scientific Researchers have identified the presence of Argon as dissolved gas component in Water Springs and in fumaroles. It is commercially manufactured by separation from liquid oxygen where Argon is found to constitute 6.11%. Argon is used to fill vacuum tubes in rectifiers and incandescent lamps. It is also used as component in the preparation of coating materials for welding rods.

The above theory could be confirmed by getting samples of air from the city of Tuguegarao and have it subjected to proximate chemical analysis. The excess of Argon over and above 1.2834% would reveal the validity of the above theory.

The removal of one ton of Argon in the atmosphere has an equivalent effect of removing 35 tons of carbon dioxide.

10.2.2 CONTINUOUS CREATION OF HYDROGEN OUT OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES FROM OUTER SPACE

THEOREM NO.2

“WE COULD NOT SPECULATE ANY OTHER SOURCE OF HYDROGEN THAT COMPRISE THAT MUCH WATER IN THE OCEAN EXCEPT ITS FORMATION OUT OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS FROM SUPERNOVA OR EXPLODING STARS IN OUTER SPACE WHICH FORMATION BECAME POSSIBLE BY VIRTUE OF MORPHOGENETIC FIELD.”

The second controversial theory held by this author is the continuous formation of hydrogen atoms out elementary particle coming from exploding stars and Nebulae in outer space. This author claims that the water in the ocean increases its quantity that is equivalent to the corresponding rise of its level by one millimeter in every period of 900 years. This mode of change has been conceptualized from the fact that about 4.65 billion years ago there was not a single drop of water on earth for being then a red hot liquefied if not solid object. At extremely high temperature hydrogen if ever did exist on earth cannot combine with oxygen to form water because almost all the oxygen were embedded with metallic compounds to metallic oxides

There is abundant presence of oxygen on earth even at the start of creation but the greater bulk is not found in the atmosphere but rather embedded with rocks as part and component of metallic oxides. Water is composed of 11.11% hydrogen and 88.89% oxygen. If all the existing amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is allowed to react with the equivalent hydrogen to form water, the resultant product would fill the entire surface of the earth with water at the thickness of 2.44 M. If such amount of water is added to the ocean which area of 214,369,729.35 Km2 occupies 53.57% of the earth surface, it will raise the level of the ocean by as much as 4.56 M only.

On the other hand, if we assume that all the oxygen component of water in the ocean were found in the atmosphere at the start of creation of our solar system, that amount of oxygen will exert an Atmospheric Pressure of 317.76 Atmospheres or 4,671 pounds per square inch. With this amount of oxygen in the Atmosphere, the present magnitude of nitrogen we have in the Atmosphere would have comprised but only 0.2486% and oxygen would be 99.77%.

If we insist that all the atoms of oxygen and hydrogen were already in the Atmosphere at the start of creation, there would be an Atmosphere 5,255 pounds per square inch which is 357.48 times the weight of Atmosphere we presently have. Instead of the Atmosphere that extends to the altitude of 50 kilometers above the ground level, it will extend 17,874 kilometers above the ground. To put this much of atmospheric gases over the surface of the earth that was then red hot, do you have any idea up to what altitude it will rise?

At extremely high temperature at the instant of the Big Explosion that created our solar system only the heavy particles that were initially formed were thrown out to great distances and light particles such as hydrogen were left near the center of explosion which now constitutes the composition of the sun. The moon of the earth has been found to contain no atmosphere. The planet Mars which lays next the earth and further away from the sun is somewhat similar to the earth in the composition of lithosphere but its atmosphere is composed of thin amount of ammonia “NH4” and methane “CH4”. While both ammonia and methane contains hydrogen atoms, it was verified that there are no free hydrogen atom or hydrogen molecules in Mars which is only 54.2% further away from the sun compared to the earth. Based on the surrounding course of events it is not quite easy to accept that all the hydrogen that made up the ocean was thrown away from the earth at the instance of such Big Explosion.

Even Venus which is near to the sun does not have hydrogen in its atmosphere. The Atmosphere of Venus is found to be twenty times greater in Atmospheric Pressure compared to that of the earth which is composed of more than 90% carbon dioxide with nitrogen comprising most of the remainder. The fact that there is no hydrogen on the surface of the moon and no free hydrogen on the surface of the planet Mars, it most likely that the hydrogen in the earth’s atmosphere must have been form out of the protons and electrons that came from outer space by cosmic radiation.

The present amount of hydrogen in the Atmosphere is about 200 ppm or about equivalent weight of 828.35 cubic kilometers of water. It has the total capacity to form about 7,455 cubic kilometers of water when reacted with oxygen..

APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND HYDROGEN
WATER HYDROGEN
Ocean Water 793,167,998.59 Km3 88,129,777.53 Gegatons
Atmospheric Water Vapor 130,083,909.43 Km3 14,453,767.71 Gegatons
Underground Water 95,760,08 Km3 1,605,974.19 Gegatons
Ice Caps 30,012,562.45 Km3 3,334,725.83 Gegatons
Land Plant Component 5,745.50 Km3 638.40 Gegatons
Ocean Plant Component 114.91 Km3 12.77 Gegatons
Hydrogen in the Atmosphere -------------- 828.35 Gegatons
Hydrogen In Land Plant --------------- 221.75 Gegatons
Hydrogen in Ocean Plants --------------- 4.44 Gegatons
H2 in 1.0 M Depth Lithosphere ------------------ 210.67 Gegatons
TOTAL 107,526,161.64 Gegatons

The total amount of Hydrogen on the surface of the earth is 129,827 times greater than the free hydrogen found in the Atmosphere.



Today, Oxygen is still so abundant in the atmosphere because otherwise the atmosphere would be devoid of oxygen for us to breathe. Otherwise, by then all the oxygen will have been consumed and become part of water component in the ocean.

4 32 36
2 H2 + O2 = 2 H2O

Oxygen = 32/36 (100) = 88.89 %
Hydrogen = 4/36 (100) = 11.11 %

60,000 BTU 2.2 lb 252 Cal 4 H2
Calories = (---------------) (---------) (------------) (----------)
Lb Kg BTU 36 H2O

= 6,396,000 Calories per Kg of Water

For hydrogen atoms to combine with oxygen atoms, it must emit or give off about 6,396,000 Calories of heat for every kilo of water that is formed. If both molecules are moving too fast at the time when the earth was still red hot, they could not combine with each other.


10.2.3 ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITATIONAL STRATIFICATION

THEOREM NO.3

“THE SPIN OF LIQUID COMPONENT OF THE EARTH’S INTERIOR PRODUCES ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD BEING PROJECTED TO CONNECT INTSELF FROM THE NORTH POLE TO THE SOUTH POLE BY PASSING THROUGH THE ALTITUDE OF 50 KILOMETERS WHICH IS THE ONE’S RESPONSIBLE IN THE SUSPENSION OF PLASMA, IONS AND OZONES IN THE OZONE LAYER SUCH THAT THESE MATERIAL DO NOT EXERT THEIR WEIGHTS UPON THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. FOUND BELOW”

The third Theory advanced by this author claims that other than the Van Allen Belt, “VAB” there exist a Suspended Ozone Belt “SOB” that appears as the extension of the rotating liquid component at the core of the earth. The SOB is principally made of Electromagnetic Flux and Massive Gases together with Plasma and Ionic Particles that do not exert their weights upon the Atmosphere at the earth’s surface. These material components appear to be not floating but rather hanging above the Atmospheric Layers of the earth. These suspended gases, plasma and ions exert their weights upon the Flux of Electro – Magnetism being extended from the interior of the earth through the North Pole and the South Pole.

According to Neil Bhor’s Theory, the spinning motion of elementary particles such as the atomic nuclei, protons, neutrons and electrons produce electromagnetism as manifested by measurable electro-magnetic flux. In Physics, spin is intrinsic angular momentum of a sub-atomic particle which are spin momentum and orbital angular momentum. The total angular momentum is equal to the sum of the angular spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum.

Quantum Theory prescribes that spin angular momentum can only occur in certain discrete values that are described in terms integer or half an integer multiplies angular momentum unit h/2, where h is Plank’s Constant equal to 6.626 x 10-34 Joules-Second. It must be noted that Fermions which include Neutrons, protons and electrons have odd integers of spin while bosons that include photons, alpha particles and mesons have even. Fermions are distinguished from Bosons on the account that they obey the exclusion principle while Bosons do not. Permanent Magnets are produced out of magnetic materials like iron. The metal is heated into its molten state at the temperature between 11,0000C and 12,0000C and at such condition an electromagnet is brought near it to induce magnetism continuously until it solidify and becomes cold. During the induction of magnetism, the molecules are oriented in one direction and upon cooling the molecules retain such uniform orientation. The spin of the molecule in metallic determines the strength of the magnet. Since the molecule does not stop spinning, there always exists a magnetic field that is filled with parallel magnetic flux. In similar manner the molecules within the interior of the earth continuously spin to establish the earth’s Electro-magnetic field that holds the ozone, plasma and ions within the Suspended Ozone Belt.

10.2.4 ATMOSPHERIC SIPHON THEORY


ALT. TEMP. Atmospheric Mol. Wt.of Wt. of 100 M Total Wt. of Air Total Wt. of Air
(M) (0C) Pressure (Atm.) Wet Air Column at 1 Cm2 at given Height at given elev. THEOREM NO.4
“THE MATHEMATICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES ON THE MECHANICS OF GASES WOULD LEAD US TO REALIZE THAT ATMOSPHERIC GASES WOULD CONTINUOUSLY AND INFINITELY FLOW THROGH A LARGE TUNNEL ERRECTED AT THE HEIGHT OF ABOUT 2,000 METERS.”

This author way back in 1992 came out with a separate Study and Proposal to install a Giant Atmospheric Siphon to provide the whole of Metro Manila with steady supply of cold air taken from the Altitude of 2,000 Meters. The Proposed Air Conditioning Unit with a diameter of 100 M and a height of 1,200 M is to be installed on top of mountain which is 800 M in ground elevation. It is expected to discharge 54.129 million cubic meters per hour or 1.299 Km3 per day of air at 14 0C to 16 0C. The whole of Metro Manila with the estimated area of 60,000 hectares will be filled with new, fresh and cold air up to height of 2.165 Meters per day or total replenishment of air up to the height of 21.65 meters every 10 days. At the final temperature of 20 0C, the height of cold air would be 28.86 Meter every 10 days. The structure is to be installed above the mountain at the eastern side of La Mesa Dam with an elevation of 800 meters to achieve a total elevation of 2,000 meters.

The new theory held by this author involves the science of thermodynamics that a column of air confined within a vertical tunnel with a diameter of 100 meters and a length of 2,000 meters when subjected to a uniform temperature of 15 0C will have a total weight of 18,540.206563 Tons and corresponding pressure of 14.97999968 pound per square inch “psi” which higher than the pressure outside by as much as 1.90475674 %.

The theory is that when the temperature inside the vertical tunnel is subject to 15.0 0C all throughout the entire length of the tunnel, the contents of the tunnel will exit at the bottom which is kept wide open. The cold air that will continuously exit at the bottom will be continuously replenished by the incoming air on top of the tunnel and the system will go on forever as long as the structure is not altered.

1,900 16.70 0.800601751 29.184993483 9.82974541 216.343299968 829.170335
2,000 16.00 0.791110683 29.169906810 9.73170817 226.075008138 818.340590
2,100 15.30 0.781714276 29.154820137 9.63448358 235.709490720 809.608882
2,200 14.60 0.772411744 29.139733464 9.53806308 245.247553796 799.974399
(Excerpt from Standard Atmospheric Profile on Page 43.

Area = 12,173,695.881641 in2
Weight = 40,788,454.439613 lbs
Pressure = 3.35053995 psi.

Pressure Inside Tunnel = 0.791119683 Atm + 0.22793190 = 1.01905158 Atm.
= 11.62945934 psi + 3.3505399 = 14.97999924 psi

0.27999924 psi
Percent Increase = (------------------) (100) = 1.90475674 %
14.7
COMPUTATION OF FLOW RATE

v2
h = ---------
2g

v2 = 2gh

dP = 14.97999924 psi - 14.7000000 psi = 0.27999924 psi

Atm = 0.27999924 psi/14.7psi = 0.019047567347

h = 0.019047567347 Atm (9.8M/Atm) 3, 28 ft/M
= 0.6122650048 ft

Rate Of Flow “v2” = 2 (32.2ft/Sec2) (0.6122650048)
= 39.42986630912 ft2Sec2

v = 6.279321 ft/Sec/3.28ft/M
= 1.914426 M/Sec.

Rate of Discharge = 1.914426 M/Sec (7853.981635 M2)
= 15,035.86645 M3/Sec
= 54,129,119.92 M3/hr
= 1.299 Km3/day

In view of the fact that the temperature in Metro Manila will be reduced fro 30 0C to 15 0C, the Atmospheric Pressure would remain much higher than the surrounding Atmosphere some 30 Km to 40 Km away from the center. In view of much higher pressure, the typhoon will have the tendency to be repealed and Metro Manila would therefore be free from strong typhoons. The cost of the construction is estimated at P30 billion.


BENEFITS:
1. Growth of bacteria and other microorganism will be reduced and likewise reduce various types of illness.
2. Energy spent in air conditioning of homes & offices will be eliminated.
3. Metro Manila would be free from excessive pollution for better health safeties
4. The structure would likely invite tourist from all parts of the world.

The Proponent hopes that this book will finally land in the hands of Bill Gates of the Silicon Valley or Bulkia of Brunei who may have the interest to sponsor the development of Science & Technology for the benefit of mankind.

10.5 NEW THEORY ON THE NATURE OF GRAVITATION

THEOREM NO 5

“IN THE REALMS OF ZERO POINT ENERGY FIELD, GRAVITATION IS NOT ATTRACTTION OR THE ESSENCE OF PULLING OR BEING PULLED BUT RATHER A PUSH BY PARTICLES OUTSIDE THE ATOMIC WORLD PARADIGM AS ATTRIBUTED TO THE PRESENCE OF WORMHOLES IN SPACE-TIME CONTINUUM THAT IS RESULTANT TO THE SPIN OF ELEMETARY PARTICLES THAT CREATE SUCH WORMWHOLES THROUGH EXOTIC MATTER.”

Out of the five new theories presented in this scientific research, the new theory on the concept of gravitation is expected to encounter the worst attack from the Author’s critics and adversaries because the subject has been lingering in the vast expanse of the unknowns since the early dawn of scientific evolution. From Isaac Newton down to Albert Einstein and eventually in the time of Stephen Hawking, gravitation has never been explained in a more conceivable and tangible manner. The past and contemporary scientists in all parts of the world have conveniently handled all effects and manifestation to include the mathematical intricacies of gravitation but never gravitation itself.

If we recall that after Einstein published his General Theory of Relativity in 1905 he spent the rest of the remaining 44 years of his life in trying to integrate Gravitation and Electromagnetism into his theory but failed to complete his Unified Field Theory of Relativity. Stephen Hawking among other leading scientists worked where Einstein left but likewise failed. Hawking however succeeded to prove that when photons enter into the area of influence of the Black Hole, half of the equivalent quantity of photons is absorbed by the Black Hole and the other half is radiated back into outer space in the form of heat waves.

It is inconceivable to the human mind to imagine that gravitation is a pull but no manifestation of a string can be observed to transmit the applied energy that is supposedly actuated by the object that is pulling it. The claim pulling another object cannot even be postulated by any mathematical and geometrical equation. It is a pull and it is self evident is the substance of the argument. But can we rely whatever we observed and pronounce as self evident? Definitely, we can not. When we wake up in the morning and take a look at the sun and wonder whether the sun is exactly where we see it, we would discover a different story. Upon realizing the Solar Body is 149.5 million kilometers away which would take the photons 8.3 minutes to reach the earth at the velocity of 300,000 Km/Sec, we will certainly realize that what we felt is the simultaneous emission of photons which left the sun 8.33 minutes ago. The sun is already 2.0875 degrees angle more above the horizon by the time we see it. With this illustration shall we still stick to what we observed? Is gravitation really a pull or is it a push?



To understand the essence of gravitation it is important to note that 1.0 Cm3 of neutron has a mass of 100 million tons or the equivalent a specific gravity of 1 x 1014 relative to that of water. According to the Encarta Encyclopedia, the Black Hole is a million and million billion times heavier than water or a specific gravity of 1 x 1015. It follows therefore that the Black Hole is 10 times denser than pure neutron.



Black Hole
A black hole is so dense that its gravitational pull can actually distort space and time as the black hole rotates. This effect is called “frame-dragging,” a concept predicted by physicist Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. An example frame-dragging around a black hole is shown here in an artist's conception.
Joe Bergeron
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.







A certain book entitled “Zero Point Energy” authored by Morray B. King proposed the existences of exotic matter which density is 1087 Tons / Cm3 which is equivalent to 1015 times greater than all the mass of the whole universe. This author does not have any idea how this figure was derive but granting that there was an error in quantification, the point is that the exotic matter is many times higher in density compared to the Black Hole and much more compared to elementary particles like the neutron.

With this “OTHER SIDE OF EXISTENCE “, where the exotic matter prevails and co-exist with “SPACE-TIME CONTINUUM” , is indeed a new perspective of everywhere in the universe. Exotic matter fills everything in the universe and even every bit of space within the atom. At the density of 1.0 x 1015 for Neutrons, Protons, Electrons etc., the empty space within the Atom as computation would show is equivalent to 1013 times greater than what is occupied by the elementary particles that constitute that atom.

With this new perspective of the Universe, everything which existence relates to the Atomic World Paradigm is reversed and the ones being reduced into the lighter objects that seemingly appear as bubbles. The Elementary Particles such Neutron, Protons and Electrons are the ones floating in exotic matter. The earth and the all the planets in the solar system which have much lower densities are the ones floating in exotic matter that is pervading in the entire Universe.


In fact, what are floating are not the earth and the planets per see and not even the atoms that constitute the earth but only all those protons, neutrons and electrons that comprise the atoms that build up all celestial bodies. Matter that we can perceive in the perspective of Atomic World Paradigm moves away from the center of the Universe by virtue of the process of displacement by exotic matter. This is the configuration within the new perspective that could explain why the Universe is in the process of continuous expansion. This is the reason why all celestial bodies including the earth move away from the center of the universe at the velocity of 100,000 kilometers per second since the start of creation.

Henry Murray Jr. wrote a book entitled “ The Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Float” It is a scientific literature which focused on the Invention of his father, Henry Murray Sr., who succeeded in producing 50,000 Watts of Electricity out of cosmic radiant energy on October 8 to October 20, 1928. Unfortunately, Henry Murray Sr. was murdered few months after conducting the actual presentation of the experimental gadget. His son, Thomas Henry Murray Jr gathered some components consisting of the harmonic oscillator, the scalar antenna or spectral diode, hyper-spatial or polarized vacuum, cold cathode tube, amplifier and rectifier and a transducer.. Several pictures of the components of the entire system together with the actual conduct of the experiment were featured in the book

Many attempts were made to repeat the experiment but failed because of the missing part that was never recovered. The missing part was suspected to consist of radio isotopes of radium or Uranium that served as the prime mover to trigger the initial operation of the whole system. The latest development about Zero Point Energy was reported by Chaim Yankle of Germany on January 8, 2005 who produced electricity from exotic matter.

Related to this study is the curvature of space. According to Riemann, there is no such thing as a straight line because all lines and surfaces have curvatures. Lorentz claimed that the amount of curvature of lines and surfaces is proportional to the distribution of matter in space and upon investigation of this phenomenon came up with the mathematical equation on such curvatures.

In a certain experiment that was conducted, it was proven that if electric current is passed through a hyper-spatial vacuum to transform it into a polarized vacuum, a bull lightning is produced. The finding was that exotic matter particles are extremely small that it cannot register significant influence or effect upon Atoms and elementary particles but in hyper-spatial vacuum, there are some sorts of interference and interactions. This phenomenon, it was claimed occur when the fabrics of space is subjected to extreme curvature.

Looking at all existence in the Atomic World Paradigm, it appears that all particles that constitute matter are in constant spinning motion and because of spin, wormholes are almost everywhere and by virtue of the existence of wormholes these particles are organized to form Fermions and Bosons. A lump of soil or a piece of stone are kept close and the component particles are attached firmly among each to form a piece of stone or a lump of soil because of such spin and resultant presence of wormholes. However on the “Other Side of Existence ““everywhere” and even inside the atoms is pervaded by exotic matter where the very light protons, neutron and electrons float.

The entire solar system, including all the planets and celestial bodies all over the universe according to Henry Murray, are floating in exotic matter which are many times denser.

Apparently, the exotic matter and the elementary particles such as the electron are able to superimpose upon each other and occupy the same space at the same time. The exotic matter seems not to recognize the presence of electron and in the same manner; the electron cannot recognized the presence of the particles of exotic matter.

For instance, when the electron revolves around the nucleus of a given atom, the particles of exotic matter do not in any way impede its trajectory as well as affect the velocity of its travel in a similar manner that the particles of exotic matter are not affected by the high speed electron.

The super-imposition of exotic matter and particles in the Atomic World Paradigm is admittedly not easily acceptable to the preconditioned state mind among many modern thinkers and scientist. This mode of perception is mainly due our concept of solid state as experienced in the Atomic World Paradigm. It has been previously built within our consciousness that an electron, a proton or a neutron is a solid particle.

In quantum physics, an electron is but a bundle of energy and the same goes with the proton and neutron. It does not have any rigid skeleton or framework that may be felt as hard or soft. The Equation of Einstein which is “E = mC2” is an expression not only of the equivalence between matter and energy but the convertibility of matter into energy and energy into matter. This proves that matter and energy is intrinsically one and the same thing. This intrinsic nature of matter and energy may conveniently be called Matter-Energy Continuum. Matter-energy continuum is in tandem with Space-Time Continuum. Merging these two types of continuums is what this author called Unified Field Continuum.

We may wonder that while both exotic matter particles and elementary particles could exist within the same given space within the same given time which is the essence of superimposition, the exotic matter apparently exerts some amount of force or pressure upon the elementary particles of the three dimensional atomic world. Let us not forget that the spin of the electron is the one that is recognized by the exotic matter by virtue of the presence of wormholes being created by that spinning motion. The electron as a bundle of energy is not recognized by exotic matter which is the reason why the revolution of electron around the nucleus is not impeded by the existence of exotic matter.

On the other hand, when the electron spins around its own axis, electro-magnetic field or electro-magnetism is produced. Electromagnetic field is a region in space where there are numerous lines of electromagnetic force that are parallel among each other. If we closely examine these lines in the realms of Zero Point Energy perspective, they are nothing but wormholes. Our attempt to explain why are wormholes being created by the spinning motion of a bundle of energy we call electron tends to magnify our problem regarding the whole system.

It could be that the fabric of space could be interfered by the spinning motion of the electron such that curvature in space is created. It could be that while exotic matter does not directly react with electron, it reacts to the curvature of space created by the spinning motion of the electron. This exactly what happened in a polarized vacuum observed in Caduceus Coil, Nicola Tesla Coil and many other experiments involving polarized vacuum and ball lightning.

What are the distinct features of the three dimensional material substance found in the Atomic World Paradigm and the Exotic Matter that make the super-imposition of the two possible? One reason is that while two exist in the same element of space and the same element of time, they exist in two different dimensions. The electron exists in the three- dimension level of existence in the universe while exotic matter exists in four-dimension level of existence in the universe. The electron exists within the Atomic World Paradigm while the exotic matter exists within the Unified Field Continuum.

The second reason behind the possibility of super-imposition of ordinary matter with exotic matter and vice versa may be viewed from the standpoint of the fact that ordinary matter deals with larger particles that are perceptible to the human senses while exotic matter deals with infinitesimal particles that are not perceptible to human senses.

With the level of the subject being discussed here, the credentials of this Author will be an issue. This is to get straight to the point that this author is not formally educated as a scientist because he remained as under-graduate in Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering at the Manuel L. Quezon University for not finishing Reserve Officer Training Course “ROTC” and a deficiency of only three units in Unit Operations II in his Fifth Year in College. This author is neither a genius in the caliber of Newton nor of Einstein but a simple lover of science all his life.

This Author believes that achievement in the pursuit of knowledge is not measured in Diplomas and Certificates. Thomas Alva Edison attended a total of three months only in his formal education while Henry Ford and Bill Gates are both dropouts in college. While pursuing his investigations on existence beyond Quantum Physics, he stumbled upon Morphogenetic Field, Akashic Records, the Black Holes, the Wormholes, the Fabric of Space, Space-Time Continuum, Polarized Vacuum and eventually the Zero Point Energy.

The idea that the total momentum of photon that is equal to the product of the wave length and the frequency of its vibration multiplied by Planks Constant provided him the idea in formulating a concept of existence in the Zero Point Energy Field. He eventually suggested that there must be particles of existence outside the Atomic World Paradigm that could be as small as 10,000,000 times smaller the size of the electrons. He then went on to imagine that within a given atom there is a vast space in between making the whole structure practically empty because only one out of ten trillion parts (1013) of space is occupied by protons, neutrons and electrons. He further suggested that the Zero Point Energy Field is filled with the Zero Point Energy Particles which are otherwise called Exotic Matter among scientists.