Solution to Global Warming (Part 15)

GENERAL GAS LAW

PV = nRT

0.00244875 x 200 = 0.0256172879 x 0.082051282 x 233 0.48975
= 0.48975
From 40 Km to 50 Km,
n = 2.0793694 Gm/28.86
= 0.07205022176 982,076.55/2.0793694 Gm
= 472,295.3747/10,000
= 47.22295

- 982,076.55 Cal./M2/day
(UV absorbed by Ozone layer)

T = 233
R = 0.082051282
n = 0.73931493/28.86 = 0.0256172879
P = 0.00244875
V = 200

40,000 - 40.00 0C 233.00 0K 0.00244875 0.73931493 Gm 2.53445477

PV = nRT, Where:

P = Unit in Atmosphere
V = Volume in Liters
T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin “0K”
R = Gas Constant (0.082051282)
n = Number of Moles

4.6 RELATIVE COMPONENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

4.6.1 GREENHOUSE GASES

3.3.1 The Three Types Of Greenhouse Gases

3.3.2 Effects Of Greenhouse Gases (2005)

POLLUTANT ppm of Atm Km3 of H2O Eq.
Carbon Dioxide “CO2” 365.000000 1,511.732545 Km3
Methane “CH4” 1.761986 7.297675 Km3
Nitrogen Oxide “N2O” 0.316588 1.311224 Km3
Freon 11 “CFCl3”
Freon 12 “CF2Cl2”
CHF2Cl
CF3CH2F
Per-fluorocarbon “PFC”
Sulfur Hexafluoride”SF6”

PERCENT INCREASE SINCE 1750 TO 2000

GREENHOUSE GASES INCREASE 1750 2000
Carbon Dioxide “CO2” 31.0% 280.000000 ppm 265.000000 ppm
Methane “CH4” 151.0% 0.701986 ppm 1.761986 ppm
Nitrogen Oxide “N2O” 17.0% 0.270588 ppm 0.316588 ppm
4.6.2 TYPES OF GREENHOUSE GASES
Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the environment and also result from human activities. By far the most abundant greenhouse gas is water vapor, which reaches the atmosphere through evaporation from oceans, lakes, and rivers.
Carbon dioxide is the next most abundant greenhouse gas. It flows into the atmosphere from many natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions; the respiration of animals, which breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide; and the burning or decay of organic matter, such as plants. Carbon dioxide leaves the atmosphere when it is absorbed into ocean water and through the photosynthesis of plants, especially trees. Photosynthesis breaks up carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and incorporating the carbon into new plant tissue.

Humans escalate the amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere when they burn fossil fuels, solid wastes, and wood and wood products to heat buildings, drive vehicles, and generate electricity. At the same time, the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly reduced by deforestation, the long-term destruction of forests by indiscriminate cutting of trees for lumber or to clear land for agricultural activities.
Ultimately, the oceans and other natural processes absorb excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, human activities have caused carbon dioxide to be released to the atmosphere at rates much faster than that at which Earth’s natural processes can cycle this gas. In 1750 there were about 281 molecules of carbon dioxide per million molecules of air (abbreviated as parts per million, or ppm). In 2006 two major scientific organizations—the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)—reported that levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere had hit a record high. Using different measurement techniques, the WMO said carbon dioxide levels had risen to 377 ppm, an annual increase of 1.8 ppm, and the NOAA reported a figure of 381 ppm for a yearly increase of 2.6 ppm. If current predictions prove accurate, by the year 2100 carbon dioxide will reach concentrations of more than 540 to 970 ppm. At the highest estimation, this concentration would be triple the levels prior to the Industrial Revolution, the widespread replacement of human labor by machines that began in Britain in the mid-18th century and soon spread to other parts of Europe and to the United States.
Methane is an even more effective insulator, trapping over 20 times more heat than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane also comes from rotting organic waste in landfills, and it is released from certain animals, especially cows, as a byproduct of digestion. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-1700s, the amount of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled.
Nitrous oxide is a powerful insulating gas released primarily by burning fossil fuels and by plowing farm soils. Nitrous oxide traps about 300 times more heat than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. The concentration of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere has increased 17 percent over preindustrial levels

.In addition, greenhouse gases are produced in many manufacturing processes. Perfluorinated compounds result from the smelting of aluminum. Hydrofluorocarbons form during the manufacture of many products, including the foams used in insulation, furniture, and car seats. Refrigerators built in some developing nations still use chlorofluorocarbons as coolants. In addition to their ability to retain atmospheric heat, some of these synthetic chemicals also destroy Earth’s high-altitude ozone layer, the protective layer of gases that shields Earth from damaging ultraviolet radiation.
For most of the 20th century these chemicals have been accumulating in the atmosphere at unprecedented rates. But since 1995, in response to regulations enforced by the Montréal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments, the atmospheric concentrations of many of these gases are either increasing more slowly or decreasing.
Scientists are growing concerned about other gases produced from manufacturing processes that pose an environmental risk. In 2000 scientists identified a substantial rise in atmospheric concentrations of a newly identified synthetic compound called trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride. Atmospheric concentrations of this gas are rising quickly, and although it still is extremely rare in the atmosphere, scientists are concerned because the gas traps heat more effectively than all other known greenhouse gases. Perhaps more worrisome, scientists have been unable to confirm the industrial source of the gas.

4.7 DAILY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

4.7.1 ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIORS BEWEEN DAY TIME AND NIGHT TIME

In the Philippines, the average temperature during the day is about 33 0C and during the night is 23 0C for a difference of 10 0C. It is to be observed that the portion of the atmosphere that is involved in this cyclic change in temperature at the ground surface every day is influenced by atmospheric gases from the ground level up to the elevation of 4,200 M where the prevailing temperature is zero degrees Celsius.

At the altitude of 4,200 meters, the existing atmospheric pressure is registered at 0.604914694 Atmosphere. This means that the column of 1.0 Cm2 of air from the ground level up to the altitude of 4,200 meters contains 416.954144515 Gm of atmospheric gases.

If we enlarge his column of air to 1.0 M2, the weight of the atmosphere that is involved in change of temperature between daytime and night time would be 4,169.5 Kg
.
320 BTU 10.7584 Ft2 252 Cal. 12 hr
Solar Radiation = (------------) (---------------) (-----------) (----------)
Ft2 /hr M2 BTU day

= 10,410,688.5 Calories/M2/day

ASSUMPTION:

30.0% or 3,123,206,5 Calories: Reflected back to outer space
20.0% or 2,082,213.8 Calories: Absorbed into the ground
50.0% or 5,205,244.3 Calories: Absorbed into the atmosphere

Humid Content of air = 104,230 Gm (0.50Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 521,150 Cal.
CO2 Component = 1,521 Gm (0.45Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 6,844 Cal
Oxygen = 853,387 Gm (0.25Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 2,133,467 Cal
Nitrogen = 3,210,361 Gm (0.24Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 7,704,866 Cal
Total 10,366,327 Cal

10,410,688
Percentage of Solar heat absorbed by Atmosphere = ------------- (50.0%)
10,366,327

Percentage Solar Heat Absorbed by Atmosphere = 50.21396%
Solar Heat Absorbed by Atmosphere = 10,410,688.50 (0.5021396)
= 5,227,618.95 Calories/M2/day

To maintain the temperature of the atmosphere at the same level every day for a period of several days, 5,227,618.95 Calories/M2/day must be lost during the night to return the temperature from 33 0C o 23 0C. To keep tract of this energy it is evident that the atmosphere underwent expansion and in that expansion, energy is lost mechanically. To quantify the magnitude of expansion of gases, there is a need to treat each of the gases individually.

Humid Content of air = 104,230 Gm (0.50 Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 521,150
CO2 Component = 1,521 Gm (0.45 Cal./Gm) (10 C0) = 6,844
Oxygen = 853,387 Gm (0.25 Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 2,133,467
Nitrogen = 3,210,361 Gm (0.24 Cal/Gm) (10 C0) = 7,704,866
Total = 4,169,499 Gm = 10,418,437

H2O = 104,230 Gm/18 Gm/mole = 5,790.55 moles
CO2 = 1,521 Gm/44 Gm/mole = 34.57 moles
Oxygen = 853,387 Gm/32 Gm/mole = 26,668..34 moles
Nitrogen = 3,210,361 Gm /28 Gm/mole = 114,655.75 moles
Total = 147,149.21 moles

Volume @ 23 0C: V = 147,149.21 moles (22.4 liters/mole) (296 0K/273 0K)
= 3,573,839.27 Liters

Volume @ 33 0C V = 147,149.21 moles (22.4 liters/mole) (306 0K/273 0K)
= 3,694,577.09 Liters

Difference in Volume = 3,694,577.09 – 3,573,839.27 = 120,737.82 Liters
= 120.73782 M3.
Heat Loss = 120,737.82 Liters
Average pressure:
Pressure at ground level = 1035.000000 Gm/Cm2 = 14.6902932 psi
Pressure a 4,200 M = 626,500404 Gm/Cm2 = 8.89224601 psi
Total = 23,5825333 psi
Average Pressure = 11.7912666 psi

To determine the heat loss we may imagine 120.73782 M3 being encased in a 1.0 M x 1.0 M x 120.73782 M container and being pushed at one end

Area = 10,000 Cm2 = 1,550.0031 in2
Length = 120.73782 M = 396.0200496 ft
Work = 1,550.0031 in2 x 396.0200496 ft (11.7912666 psi) = 7,237,860 ft-lb
BTU = 7,237,8 ft-lb/ 778 ft-lb/BTU = 9,303 .1624 BTU
Cal = 9,303 .1624 BTU (252 Cal/BTU ) = 2,344,396.92 Cal/M2/day

As the atmosphere absorbs heat, it requires or consumes additional heat to allow it to expand from 3,573,839.27Liters to 3,694,577.09 Liters. During the night there is no more heat being supplied continuously and the atmosphere undergo the cooling process.

Heat Absorbed = 10,418,437.00 Cal/M2/day
Heat Expended in Expansion = 2,344,396.92 Cal/M2/day
Total Heat intake = 12,762,806.92 Cal/M2/day

12,762,806.92 Cal/M2/day
Unit Heat intake = --------------------------------- = 3.0609929 Cal/Gm
4,169,499 Gm

Note: The figure “Cm2” refers to the area of the earth’s surface where there is a total of 1,035 Gm of atmospheric gases is loaded to produce a pressure.
Note: The above volume is computed as the volume of gases at sea level.


4.8 CARBON DIOXIDE EVENT

Men and women of science identified the higher concentration of CO2 in the Atmosphere as the culprit in Global Warming probably by virtue of the following reasons:

1. That Carbon Dioxide “CO2” has the molecular weight of 44 Gm/Mole, which is 42.56% heavier than that of air at 28.86 Gm/Mole.

2. That Carbon Dioxide has a specific heat of 0.40 Calories/Gm/0C, which is 66.5% higher than that of air at 0.24 Calories /Gm/0C.

3. That being much heavier among atmospheric gases, CO2 is concentrated at the stratosphere or lower layer of the Atmosphere. Trees grow much slower and don’t grow big enough at higher elevation compared to those at lower altitude.

4. That the existence of tundra indicates that global wind/atmospheric circulation is affected by Coriolis Effect in a manner that the density of CO2 is not uniformly distributed on the earth’s surface thus depriving some particular areas like the tundra of enough carbon dioxide for big trees to grow.

5. That by virtue of the density which is 53% higher and Specific Heat that is 66.5 % higher than air, CO2 has in per unit volume the capacity to absorb heat that is 2.448 times higher compared to that of air.

6. That while the total amount of CO2 in the atmosphere at present amounts to only 265 parts per million, it has the ability to reflect the heat back to ground surface to be retained and to raise the temperature approaching the critical level.

7. That unless immediate remedial measure is undertaken, the projected CO2 content of the atmosphere to reach 287.5 ppm within the next 30 years could escalate into a Global Warming that would end up as the greatest catastrophic event since the extinction of the Dinosaur 65 million years ago.

8. That as proof of Global Climate Change, the National Mapping Resource Information Administration “NAMRIA” under the administration of Col. Jose Solis rendered a report that the sea water level during the recent period of 100 years increased by 28 Cm due to increase in temperature by about 0.2 0C.

9. Even at gaseous state, Carbon Dioxide exhibits somewhat opaque in appearance that resembles to a visible white smoke when in high concentration in the atmosphere. Being high in opacity and white in color it has the ability to reflect light in all directions and half of such reflected and/or deflected light returns towards the ground to cause heat accumulation and build up of temperature especially at the lower layer of the atmosphere. Its present aggregate equivalent thickness of 3.75 mm relative to that of liquid water left no space on earth where photons or quantum of light could pass through without hitting or be deflected by molecules of carbon dioxide.

10. In a parallel manner the heat that is absorbed by Carbon Dioxide molecules, the same is radiated in all directions and resulting to half of such heat wave is returned towards the ground surface. Additional increase in the virtual thickness of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere multiplies the number of times heat is reflected back and forth to the layers of CO2 and to the ground surface. At each instance of reflection part of the heat is absorbed by the rigid and solid composition of the earth and more build up of temperature is incurred daily.

11. As we vividly figured out how temperature at the ground level is built up by virtue of increased accumulation of Carbon Dioxide, we will begin to examine the corresponding effect of every magnitude such temperature increase. The first effect of increase in temperature applies to the corresponding expansion of water as the temperature of water in the ocean increases. The volume of water is in unity with its density at 4.0 0C which is the smallest volume of liquid water. At 4.0 0C, one Cm3 of water weigh exactly one Gm or one Liter of water weighs exactly one kilogram. At every rise in temperature, water increases its volume with corresponding decrease in density. From 20.00 0C to 20.20 0C, which is an increase by 0.20 0C, the water in the ocean will raise its level by 0.335 M. From 20.0 0C to 21.0 0C which is an increase by 1.0 0C, the level of the ocean will rise by 1.71 M.

12. An increase in temperature by 5.0 0C, will have a corresponding rise in the level of the ocean by 8.5 M and will put almost all major cities in many parts of the world under water. The most that will be affected are the rich and the famous with business and factories located in leading cities all over the world.

The rise by 5.0 0C with corresponding rise of water level in the ocean will likewise put a great area of the food basin that would result to famine and starvation which could put to death more than 50 percent of the world population.