Solution to Global Warming (Part 2)

Today there are as much as 2.485 gegatons of Nitrogen Oxide in the Atmosphere. One gegaton is equal to the weight of one cubic kilometer of water. For almost about hundred years, the rich and the famous among mankind enjoyed the coolness of the air conditioned room without being aware that the Freon used will persistently be there in the atmosphere without any possibility of being destroyed, neutralized or consumed even for hundreds of years as it continuously destroy the ozone layer every bits of the moment. It is a good thing that scientists in all parts of the world have recognized it adverse effect and brought the same into the attention of world leaders in Montreal Protocol in Canada in 1992.

Carbon Dioxide which total weight in the atmosphere is equivalent to the weight of 1,553.1665 Km3 of water has been identified as the leading greenhouse gas that increases the momentum towards Global Warming. Other than this much of Carbon Dioxide to be sequestered we are presently depositing Carbon Dioxide at the rate that is equivalent to the weight of 6.21 Km3 of water every year or 196.78 tons of CO2 per second. Since that the increase is geometric in proportion, we expect to add as much as 150 Km3 of gasoline heat equivalent of CO2 in the next twenty years. At the end of the twenty year period from now, the total magnitude of Carbon dioxide we have to sequester is equivalent to the weight of 610 Km3 of water. There is no other perceive and practical solution to sequester this much of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but to plant timber trees especially in the tropical countries like the Philippines and its neighbors as well as those countries falling within the area between the equator and 250 latitude.

The process and system of planting the right species of trees must be highly scientific and efficient so as to produce 40 grams to 60 grams of body weight of the plant per day/M2 to produce the body weight of 365,250 tons of trees /Km2/20 years. At this rate of growth one million square kilometer would yield 365.25 gegatons or 219.15 gegatons on dry basis. At the conversion ratio of 1.543859, the amount of Carbon Dioxide that will be sequestered would be 338.33 gegatons. Assuming that about 50% are leaves which may go back into the atmosphere when disintegrated, it would leave a net sequestering capacity of something like 170 gegatons per million square kilometers. To sequester 610 gegatons of Carbon Dioxide, about 4 million Km2 would be required. The Philippines has the capacity to plant 200,000 Km2 representing 5.0% of the total requirement in area that needs to be planted up to 20 years from now.

This author has come up with a separate Research Study and Proposal on how to plant trees that are devoid of branches until they reach the height of 15 to 20 meters for purposes of realizing greater amount of yield in timber production to make timber tree farming economically viable and at the same time increase the CO2 sequestration capacity of the trees. The modular community being envisioned in “The Green Imagery Project” will provided a network of dirt road with makeshifts of contour lakes constructed at the interval of 250 meters. The contour lakes constructed at the average width of 2.5 M and a depth of 2 M is intended for tree plant watering and at the same time utilized as fish ponds.

The cost of development is P250, 000 per hectare or P25 million per Km2 but the timber yield is projected at P12 billion/Km2 within every cycle of 60 years. To solve the problem of Global Warming, 4 million Km2 of forest zone would require an investment in the amount of P100 trillion or $2.2 trillion.

Planting four million square kilometers representing 4.177% of the total land surface of the earth using the latest state of the art in timber tree planting will solve Global Warming with certainty and at the same time avails the whole world with sufficient construction materials that amounts to 395 Km3 of lumber which is worth P3.95 quadrillion or US$37.8 Trillion for every cyclic period of 40 years..

The reason why we failed in reforestation is because what we plant are trees that are only good for firewood because they formed into branches at the height of two to three meters which makes the plantation not economically viable. Planting of seedling close to each other is not enough for the purpose of timber tree Plantation. Henceforth, a new technology is necessary.

Another approach to avert global warming is to fertilize the sea water on the shorelines up to 10 kilometers offshore at the rate of 10 kilogram per square kilometer or 10 mg per square meter every three days for a period of one month. The type of fertilizer to be applied in sea water should Ammonium Phosphate“(NH4)3PO4“and must not be Urea”CH2.CO.CH2” as what a Certain Research Group experimented in Sulo sometime in October 2007... For every M3 of sea water there are 200 grams of Nitrogen, 400 grams of Potassium, and 500 grams of Calcium but not Phosphorus. Magnesium which is a necessary component of Chlorophyll is likewise abundant at 1,400 grams per cubic meter.

Theoretical computation shows that for every ton of fertilizer that is applied, 1,000 tons of Carbon Dioxide will be sequestered from the Atmosphere. To sequester 1 ppm of CO2 or 4.1417336172 gegatons of CO2 from the Atmosphere, four million tons of fertilizer is needed. At P25 per Kg to include the cost of application the amount of P100 billion is needed.

To sequester 610 gegatons of CO2 from the Atmosphere within the period of 20 years, 610 million tons of fertilizer worth P15.25 trillion is required. This method is about 150 times cheaper compared to timber tree planting but the fish catch cannot be compared to the value of construction materials that will be produced.

According to Servan Shreiber, seventy five percent of the wealth all over the world is derived from Science & Technology. He further stressed that “ the absence or inadequacy of scientific and technological inputs into the productive system relegates that economy into twenty-five percent economic activity”. ‘It can never compete globally and it will be doomed into the quagmire of economic misery and poverty.”

1.4 FOREST FIRES

The primary cause of global warming are the illegal loggers, the kaingineros, and Forest Fire incidents that destroy the important element of the ecological systems that is supposed to continuously sequester carbon dioxide in the Atmosphere. Industry that supports its life by burning fossil fuel comes only as the second culprit.

Fire was first used by man about 1.4 million years ago. It was fire that came to exist by natural process through the occurrence of lightning and thunderstorms. Later men learned how to produce fire by friction and the first pottery products were found in Mesopotamia that dates back 6,500 years ago. Metal works started about 4,000 years ago.

The forest fire that lasted for more than a month of burning is the biggest forest fire ever recorded in history is that of Kalimantan, Indonesia where 600,000 hectares of thick forest went up in smoke in 1997. The fire was estimated to have burned 6.7 cubic kilometers of wood that emitted 10.35 gegatons of CO2 in the atmosphere that is equivalent to 2.5 ppm of the total mass of atmospheric gases. The equivalent of everything that was burned for one and a half years all over the world went up as smoke in a matter of about a month in the forest of Indonesia. The fire was said to have started due to the slash and burn farm system or the “kaingin” system of farming that went out of control due to the extent of dryness of the environment brought about by much higher temperature of the atmosphere which is a clear manifestation of Global Warming. In August 20, 1998 to Sept 10, 1998, twenty days of forest fire in the Yellow Stone Park near the Grand Canyon, in the United States, destroyed 64,000 hectares. Rough estimates of total CO2 emission may be placed at 0, 30 ppm of the total atmospheric gases on the surface of the earth.

Forest Fire
J.B. Diederich/Contact/The Stock Market In this picture a fire rages through Yellowstone National Park in the United States. There are three kinds of forest fires: one that burns a layer of the forest floor only, one that burns surface litter and forest undergrowth, and one that advances through the tops of trees. All three fires can occur at the same time.
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In 1998, wherein the highest global temperature was ever recorded, there were 1,756,000 fires in the United States that claimed more than 4,000 deaths, 23,000 injuries and loss of properties amounted to $9.0 billion dollars. In 1995, Canada recorded 64,000 fires that claimed more than 400 deaths, 3,600 injuries and loss of properties amounted to $1.0 billion dollars. One can just imagine, how deaths and injuries and how much was lost all over the world with minimal rise in global temperature

In the middle of October this year of 2007, another Forest Fire hit a forest section of California, USA which went out of control due to very strong winds at 18 meters per second. The people of several thickly populated villages fled as fire gutted their houses.

1.5 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

1.5.1 WATER VAPOR

Of all the greenhouse gases, the third most abundant that comes next to Nitrogen and Oxygen is the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere but the good thing with water vapor is the fact that unlike carbon dioxide, it does not accumulate to extreme magnitude and to develop high temperature because it precipitate and fall as rain. When the environment is at higher temperature, water molecules absorb heat and ends up by being transformed into water vapor. When more heat is available the water vapor still absorbs it and allows it to expand to become lighter and being lighter it is buoyed up by the process of displacement. Upon reaching at much higher altitude where there exists a low pressure, it continues to expand further where it mechanically loses its energy content. At much lower temperature at high altitude, then precipitate into clouds, droplets or ice particulates to be pulled back downward by gravity.

As the water droplets or ice particle move vertically downward, they gradually absorb heat until a critical point of temperature is reach to convert them back into water vapor to complete the cycle. Like Nitrogen and Oxygen, water vapor may be considered as one of the ideal gases where one mole which is 18 grams in the case of water occupies 22.4 liters at standard temperature and pressure. The above volume would double every addition of temperature by 273 degrees Kelvin “0K”. The same volume at constant temperature will be compressed by one half if the pressure if the unit of Atmosphere is doubled. Ideal gases in the Atmosphere together with the force of gravity serve as the important factors that alleviate Global Warming.

The total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is approximately 25.875 Gm/Cm2 or 103,543.340430 gegatons while the total weight of the atmosphere is 4.1417336122 x 1019 tons or 41.4 billion, billion Tons One gegaton is equal to the weight of one cubic kilometer of water.

The amount of Nitrogen and Oxygen in the atmosphere remains stable with minimal and insignificant changes if ever. Nitrogen and Oxygen are no doubt considered as Greenhouse Gases because like any other gases, they absorb heat. But the thing with air is while it absorbs and reflects heat to the ground they have their way to get rid of their heat content by rising through displacement and subsequently expand. It holds enough heat and expels them when in excess. It functions as the atmospheric equalizer that tries to maintain the whole atmospheric condition in equilibrium.

1.5.2 INERT AND ROYAL GASES

Boiling Points of Air Gases
Air is a mixture of gases, each with a different boiling point. Companies utilize a process known as fractional distillation to separate air gases by using the different boiling points of the gases. Isolated air gases are used for a variety of industrial and commercial applications.
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Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Argon is one of the atmospheric gases that ranked as fourth in abundance. It belongs to the category of inert or family of Royal Gases together Helium, Krypton, Neon, Xenon and Radon. Although Argon may be considered to behave as an ideal gas, but it may be considered as a potential contributor to the enhancement of Global Warming by virtue of its abundance and higher density.

The fifth contributor to Global Warming that poses an alarming threat is the presence of Carbon Dioxide which is building up and accumulates in the atmosphere because of the industrial activity of man.

The inert gases which are likewise known as the Royal Gases, that exist in the atmosphere consist of Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. The aggregate weight of all these gases is less than 2.0% of the total weight of the atmosphere and they have practically no activity except to expand when heated and contract when cooled.

They are the lazy elements listed in the Periodic Table with their corresponding atomic number 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, and 86 respectively. They are branded as lazy elements because they do not readily react nor they combine with other elements except in a very rare and extraordinarily exceptional case. They are inert by virtue of their relative atomic structure whereby their outermost shell of electrons is totally filled up to the optimum limit which is two for the first which is helium and eight for the rest of five others. By virtue of electron saturation of the outermost shell being prescribed by the octet rule of the combining power, they have no electron to give and no space where an electron may be received so that their valences or combining power is zero.

Much of this long-wave infrared radiation makes it all the way back out to space, but a portion remains trapped in Earth’s atmosphere. Certain gases in the atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane, provide the trap. Absorbing and reflecting infrared waves radiated by Earth, these gases conserve heat as the glass in a greenhouse does and are thus known as greenhouse gases. As the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases, more heat energy remains trapped below. All life on Earth relies on this greenhouse effect—without it, the planet would be colder by about 33 Celsius degrees (59 Fahrenheit degrees), and ice would cover Earth from pole to pole. However, a growing excess of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere threatens to tip the balance in the other direction—toward continual warming.

While they are all lazy and non-reactive, it follows that inert gases are not by themselves toxic. However, their presence in high concentration will inhibit other atoms that may end up in suffocation or oxygen starvation for zoological life and carbon dioxide starvation for botanical life. While they are all lazy and non-reactive, their bodily constituents can absorb as well as release heat.

Argon is commercially manufactured out of separation process of liquid air made by a series of cooling processes until their liquefaction temperature is reached. The cooling processes consists of Mechanical Expansion of gases in a confined vessel by allowing the compressed gas to pass through the throttle where gases cool as it expands and the series of such compression and cooling reduce to as low as the liquefaction temperature. When the liquefied air is allowed to escape from the vessel through a small hole, the first to evaporate among the Royal Gases is Helium with a boiling point of -2700C followed by Neon at -2460C. The two is followed by Nitrogen and Oxygen which are the main component of air and not belonging to inert gases at the boiling point of -1960C and -1830C respectively. The next is Argon and Krypton at the boiling point of -1870C and -1530C respectively. Xenon boils at -1070C while Radon at -620C.

1.5.3 GREENHOUSE GASES THAT DESTROY THE OZONE LAYER

POLLUTANT ppm of Atm Km3 of H2O Wt. Eq.
Methane “CH4” 1.76198600 7.297675 Km3
Nitrogen Oxide “N2O” 0.31658800 1.311224 Km3
Freon 11 “CFCl3” 0.00000000173913 0.00723014 Km3
Freon 12 “CF2Cl2” 0.00000000144928 0.00602511 Km3
CHF2Cl -------------- --------------------
CF3CH2F -------------- --------------------
Per-fluorocarbon “PFC” -------------- --------------------
Sulfur Hexafluoride”SF6” -------------- --------------------

Freon 11 or fluoro -trichloro –methane “CFCl3” and Freon 12 or Difluoro- dichloro- methane “CF2Cl2” are types of refrigerants used in air conditioning and freezing devices. These are gaseous substances under room temperature which are compressed and cooled and subsequently release gradually through a throttle to allow expansion and subsequent cooling in a heat exchanger. After years of being used as refrigerants these gases at times leaks or released into the atmosphere by refrigeration mechanics.

When released into the atmosphere, Freon 11 and Freon 12 in the same manner as methane assume the function of a catalyst that destroys or breaks the formation of ozone by not in itself entering into the reaction. It is not destroyed during such reactions and it continues to destroy as many molecules of ozone as it gotten in touch with. In Japan, used Freon are transferred into a container and allowed to be burned at high temperature as a way to avoid Freon released into the atmosphere, Freon gases are collected by way of a compressed storage vessel and is subsequently burned or made to undergo fractional distillation at high temperature.

The fifth in abundance and primary contributor to Global Warming that poses an alarming threat is the presence of Carbon Dioxide which is building up and accumulates in the atmosphere because of the industrial activity of man. Carbon dioxide “CO2” according to some expert has the power to remain in the atmosphere for over a period of 200 years, Nitrous oxide “N2O for about 100 years and Methane “CH4” for more than 10 years.

While lightning and thunderstorms destroy methane, it has the adverse effect of producing nitrous oxide gas. Mushroom in ant hills grows vigorously in the month of August more especially when triggered by the abundant presence of nitrous oxide during rainy days where there are plenty of lightning and thunderstorms.

1.6 GLOBAL EVENTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE GLOBAL WARMING

1.6.1 CYCLIC SUN SPOT
Sunspots
The photosphere of the Sun appears here in false colors. Sunspots and other solar activity appear yellow, although they would normally appear as dark spots. Sunspots are often larger than 32,000 km (20,000 mi) and appear in cycles of 11 years. Solar activity, including the appearance of sunspots, is associated with changing magnetic fields on the Sun.
Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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The sun spot is a cyclic phenomenon that occurs every 10.33 years which is characterized by the a dark spot on the surface of the sun as a result of a huge solar flare whereby the gaseous metallic elements within the core of the sun is thrown to a high altitude. The dark spot that follows right after a huge solar flare has been noted to cause long period of draught that greatly affect agricultural production and in many instances results to famine.

The Sun Spot Theory is quite difficult to explain and to figure out what is behind such phenomenon whereby a certain small area on the surface of the sun becomes devoid of solar radiation. What could be behind that cyclic event that made fusion of hydrogen into helium stopped at a certain period of time in that particular location at the sun’s surface Some scientists claimed that it is the solar flare whereby the gaseous metallic elements are thrown outside its core and that Sun spot that can be observed from the earth. These metallic elements must be emitting almost totally infra-red radiation instead of only 60 % normally found in solar radiation. The deeper secret into the Sun Spot Theory is the question of what triggers such solar flare and why do they happen every 10.33 years?

Even great luminaries in economics wondered why is there an occurrence global economic depression and business dawdling every cycle of 10.33 years. The great economic theorist had this observation. Biologists are likewise wondering why the Sun Spot occurrence changes the behavioral character including metabolic and psychological nature of locust. During this mode of change, the sexual drives of locust are greatly enhanced and allow faster multiplication.

What is even much more bewildering is how the Sun Spot makes locust produce more hormones such as octopamine as well as adepokenetic hormone they needed in long distance flight during mass migration. How does the Sun Spot increase the appetite of locust to eat much more and increase their weight by 30 percent before taking their mass migrations? Even the occurrences of El Nino, more specifically every other occurrence coincides with the Sun Spot occurrence. These questions remain for the future scientists to discover.


1.6.2 EL NINO EFFECT

The El Nino Effect is another cyclic phenomenon that occurs at the average period of 5.15 years but may occur any moment between every 3 to 7 years. It is characterized by a periodic shift in the Pacific Ocean current when warm water in the western part of the Pacific flows usually far eastward toward South America. The effect dramatically affects rainfall pattern from Peru to California, from Borneo to Northeast Brazil, and even in the Mediterranean Europe.

The one-way flow of the undercurrent of water in the ocean from east to west at the velocity of about 130 kilometers per day or 1.5 meters per second is caused by Coriolis Effect which is the drag of fluid component against the rigid component of the earth. The said one way underwater current is the after effect when the rigid component of the earth’s surface moves faster than the liquid component that is left behind as the earth rotates around its axis.

The drag or liquid mechanism of being left behind result to apparent motion of ocean water from East to West along the equator from the Continental shelf of North America and eventually hits the San Bernardino Strait between the island of Samar and the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. This one way water undercurrent involves the body of water that has the width of approximately 500 kilometers and average depth of 4,600 meters being found moving along the equator. The tidal current which moves Easterly or Westerly depending upon the location of the moon affects only about 50 meter deep of the ocean.

Upon hitting the Philippine Plate, it moves northward passing the eastern side of Japan and proceed to the North Polar. From the North Pole it moves southeast and get back to the Continental Shelf of North America to complete the cycle

While traveling along the Pacific Ocean, the surface water that is accumulatively heated moves back in the opposite direction to refill the displaced volume of water and results to build up of temperature. When this heated volume of water is eventually carried by the one way undercurrent water, the result is El Nino.

1.6.3 CYCLIC BAMBOO FLOWERING & FRUITING CYCLIC EVENT

Biologists and even morphogenetic scientists failed to come up with the explanation why is there a cyclic phenomena for every period of 51.65 years that makes bamboo bear flowers and nutty fruits that coincides with the rapid multiplication of rats, a certain specie of snakes and a certain type of bugs accompanying a long period of draught and famine. Why is there such a cyclic of draught that occur every cyclic period of 163 million seconds brought about by El Nino, 326 million seconds during Sun Spot and at its worst every 1,630 million seconds during bamboo flowering and fruiting? Science however identified the El Nino as caused by the accumulated heating of the water in the ocean particularly along the equator that is eventually carried by a one-way undercurrent by virtue of Coriolis Effect. However, the intensity of heating varies such that El Nino occurrence likewise varies in cycle from 3 to 7 years with 5.15 years as the average

Bamboo
Bamboo is the common name for about 45 genera of a perennial treelike plant. It grows most abundantly in southeastern Asia where it has hundreds of practical applications, such as in construction and decoration and as paper or food. The plant's stems, called culms, consist of hollow sections called internodes which are interrupted by regularly spaced nodes, giving bamboo its jointed appearance.
Bill Bachmann/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

You will observe that the cycle of draught is a multiple of 163 million seconds. It consists of one draught cycle for El Nino Event; two draught cycles for Sun Spot Event; and ten cycles for bamboo flowering and fruiting event.

1.6.4 BIOLOGICAL EXTINCTION EVENT

Apart from the natural process by which the earth grows and develops in accordance with Morphogenetic Fields, there were incidents in the past that were seemingly not a part of creation but rather a product of freak accident. One was when a large meteor fell into the surface of the earth some 65 million years ago and killed 70 % of all living things and made several species extinct to include the dinosaurs. There was also another incident more than 250 million years ago prior to this catastrophic event when a much bigger meteor fell on the earth particularly near Japan and china and killed about 90 % of living creatures on earth. Were these catastrophic events part of the process of creation? The meteor that fell on the earth surface produced soil and dust particles that totally covered the atmosphere that turned the ground below in total darkness for months. In the total absence of sunlight, photosynthesis stopped and plant shed off their leaves so that made dinosaurs died into extinction.

In a parallel view, we may ask ourselves whether the cyclic period of 114,000 years part of the metamorphic growth and development of the earth. We may ask whether the destruction of ozone layer; the burning of fossil fuel to fill the atmosphere and results to early occurrence of Global Warming and industrial growth as well as overpopulation part of the Great Design of creation. Whether we admit it or not, the totality of the consciousness of entire world population defines the destiny of life on earth.

Among the most distinct types of animals which died of hunger are the dinosaurs when it became totally dark for several months that all the leaves of plants that feed the dinosaurs were rotten and no sprouts were available due to the absence of sunlight for photosynthesis. This reveals that the dinosaurs came to exist or evolved after 250 million years ago and all died 68 million years ago. Their remains as fossils tell us that there is indeed the process of evolution.


1.6.5 SHIFTING OF THE NORTH ORIENTATION

Another cyclic event that significantly augments the effect of Global Warming to all living things, is the spin of the earth around its axis and the change in the location of sunlight as the earth traces its path around the sun which generates air and ocean currents that transfer heat from one part of the planet to another. The location from where the sun rises at the eastern side is gradually shifting every day for a total angle of 23.5 degrees during the annual cycles. This creates a change in the system of heating and dramatic change in weather and climate is also experienced.

The shifting of the north orientation is brought about by the elliptical orbital path of the earth as the earth revolves around the sun. The Equinox which is the period of the year when the daytime is equal to the number of hours during nighttime falls on March 21 to March 22 every year while the longest daytime falls on June 22 and shortest daytime in the northern hemisphere falls on December 22.